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Chapter 10
Renaissance and Discovery
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following cities played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Near
East?
A. Bologna
B. Venice
C. Florence
D. Milan
Answer: B
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
2. Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.
A. growing lay and secular control of thought and culture
B. agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
C. growing national consciousness and political centralization
D. urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 289
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
3. Which of the following cities had uninterrupted trade with the Near East throughout the
Middle Ages?
A. Lyon
B. Pisa
C. Paris
D. Naples
Answer: B
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
4. Which of the following comprised Florence’s popolo grosso in the Renaissance?
A. the old merchant classes
B. the lower urban classes
C. guild masters
D. capitalists and bankers
Answer: D
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
5. What occurred in 1378 as a result of the unbearable conditions for those at the bottom of
society and the disruption caused by the Black Death?
A. the Jacquerie
B. Ciompi Revolt
C. French Revolution
D. signing of the Treaty of Lodi
Answer: B
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
6. Cosimo de’ Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
A. Florence
B. Rome
C. Milan
D. Venice
Answer: A
Page Ref: 291
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
7. The first humanists were ________.
A. orators and poets
B. politicians and their secretaries
C. farmers and blacksmiths
D. historians and musicians
Answer: A
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
8. Who was known as the “father of humanism”?
A. Giovanni Boccaccio
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Francesco Petrarch
D. Guarino da Verona
Answer: C
Page Ref: 292
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
9. Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian
Renaissance?
A. Spartan military strategies
B. Roman law
C. Roman studies
D. Greek studies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 294
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
10. The great masters of the High Renaissance were ________.
A. Titian, Donatello, and Giotto
B. Titian, Vincent van Gogh, and Masaccio
C. Vincent van Gogh, Donatello, and Giotto
D. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
Answer: D
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
11. Who is considered the “father of Renaissance painting”?
A. Donatello
B. Raphael
C. Michelangelo
D. Giotto
Answer: D
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
12. Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
A. Donatello
B. Michelangelo
C. Raphael
D. Leonardo da Vinci
Answer: D
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
13. In 1500, the title “duke of Romagna” was given to ________.
A. French King Charles VIII
B. Ferdinand of Aragon
C. French King Louis XII
D. Cesare Borgia
Answer: D
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Factual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
14. The term “Machiavellian” has become synonymous with ________.
A. tools made by machinists
B. ruthless political expediency
C. welfare policies
D. slow decision-making
Answer: B
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Factual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
15. The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ________.
A. Austria
B. Spain
C. the Holy Roman Empire
D. Russia
Answer: B
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Factual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
16. A new alliance between monarchs and ________ helped break the bonds of feudal society.
A. nobles
B. clergy
C. peasants
D. townspeople
Answer: D
Page Ref: 305
Skill: Factual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
17. King Louis XI shared conquered Burgundian lands with ________.
A. Habsburg emperor Maximilian I
B. Isabella of Castile
C. Ferdinand of Aragon
D. Charles the Bold
Answer: A
Page Ref: 306
Skill: Factual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
18. Who sponsored Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbus?
A. Catherine of Aragon
B. King Henry VIII
C. Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
D. Archduke Phillip
Answer: C
Page Ref: 306–307
Skill: Factual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
19. One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious
reformer was by ________.
A. elaborating Scholastic theology
B. editing the works of the Church Fathers
C. issuing a new edition of Abelard’s works
D. pleasing church authorities
Answer: B
Page Ref: 310
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
20. Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?
A. England, France, and Spain
B. France, England, and Denmark
C. Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain
D. England, France, and Germany
Answer: D
Page Ref: 311
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
21. What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
A. Roger Bacon
B. Thomas More
C. William of Ockham
D. Johann Reuchlin
Answer: B
Page Ref: 311
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
22. Columbus thought his first landfall was ________.
A. India
B. China
C. Indonesia
D. Japan
Answer: D
Page Ref: 312
Skill: Factual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
23. By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________.
A. eastern Peru
B. present-day California
C. Central Mexico
D. Cuba
Answer: C
Page Ref: 314
Skill: Factual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
24. ________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors.
A. Michel de Montaigne
B. Francisco Pizarro
C. Bartolomé de Las Casas
D. Hernán Cortés
Answer: C
Page Ref: 315
Skill: Factual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
25. The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the
mid-sixteenth century.
A. cotton plantations
B. sugar plantations
C. gold mines
D. sweet-potato fields
Answer: B
Page Ref: 317
Skill: Factual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
26. Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ________.
A. was a boon for the landed nobility
B. had all but ended by the year 1000
C. assisted the growth of Italian city-states
D. had little effect on Italy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
27. Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most
evolved into ________.
A. despotisms
B. feudal states
C. oligarchies
D. democracies
Answer: A
Page Ref: 290
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
28. The ________ greatly helped reduce the need to go to war and allowed increased control
over the enemy.
A. use of despotism
B. art of diplomacy
C. hiring of mercenaries
D. purchase of enemy territory
Answer: B
Page Ref: 291
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
29. Along with his rigorous teachings of ancient languages, humanist Vittorino da Feltre
included ________ as part of his daily educational instructions.
A. discussions after each subject
B. physical exercise and games
C. the art of agriculture
D. playing a musical instrument
Answer: B
Page Ref: 294
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
30. How did Valla become a hero to Protestant reformers?
A. his defense of free will against the advocates of predestination
B. his defense of predestination against the advocates of free will
C. his teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possess the freedom to
be whatever they choose
D. his work, Oration on the Dignity of Man
Answer: B
Page Ref: 294
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
31. Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in
Reformation Europe?
A. The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
B. Medieval Christian values are important teachings.
C. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth.
D. Art must be abstract and formulaic.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
32. Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________.
A. the natural world and human emotions
B. religious figures without faces
C. sacred images painted on wood
D. small scenes in the margins of text
Answer: A
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
33. A new style of art called “mannerism” allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her
work.
A. perfectly refined images
B. outdoor scenes
C. people dining together
D. the strange and the abnormal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 301
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
34. The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which of the following?
A. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence
B. brought the Papal States into an alliance with Florence
C. brought Venice and Naples into an alliance with Florence
D. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Venice
Answer: A
Page Ref: 303
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
35. How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow
King Charles VIII of France to enter Florence without resistance?
A. He told them that the king’s arrival was divine vengeance on their immorality.
B. He promised to ask the king to leave all the land to the Florentines.
C. He explained that Charles VIII had only the best intentions for the Florentines.
D. He delivered a heartfelt speech on the merits of good international relations.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 303
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
36. What caused the Florentines to finally execute Savonarola in 1498?
A. They felt he did not do enough to recover Pisa.
B. They felt that Florence was losing power under his rule.
C. They tired of his puritanical tyranny.
D. They discovered that he had lied to them.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 303
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
37. What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king?
A. control over regions in Italy
B. protection by the French military in times of war
C. his own piece of private land in France
D. a piece of land in France where his son Cesare Borgia could live
Answer: A
Page Ref: 303
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
38. Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?
A. Roman rulers and citizens of ancient Rome did a poor job of defending their homeland.
B. Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means.
C. Ancient Roman patriotism and self-sacrifice were ineffective.
D. Republican ideals were outdated.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 304
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
39. The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries was due to the ________.
A. growing cost of warfare
B. growing cost of farming equipment
C. food and clothing needs of the peasants
D. need to build new public offices
Answer: A
Page Ref: 306
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
40. The monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain was an example of the emergence of
________ in the 1400s.
A. absolute monarchy
B. sovereign states
C. despotism
D. enlightened absolutism
Answer: C
Page Ref: 305
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
41. What caused the secure government of France created by Louis XI to become a defeated
nation under his successors?
A. bad foreign policy
B. the collapse of the English empire
C. the dissolution of Burgundy
D. newly acquired Burgundian lands
Answer: A
Page Ref: 306
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
42. The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.
A. monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
B. increasing the size of the empire of Spain
C. converting Christians to join Jewish and Muslim religions
D. merging the Anglican church and the English Reformation
Answer: A
Page Ref: 307
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
43. During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create
________.
A. a permanent representative body
B. the Golden Bull agreement
C. a seven-member electoral college
D. a Supreme Court of Justice
Answer: D
Page Ref: 308
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
44. The Brothers of the Common Life, an influential lay religious movement, eliminated what
requirements from the religious life of men and women?
A. abstinence from food and drink before holy communion
B. sleeping on wooden floors and benches
C. eight hours of prayer and meditation each day
D. vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Answer: D
Page Ref: 308
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
45. Who was a close friend of Erasmus?
A. Thomas More
B. John Cabot
C. Christopher Columbus
D. Johann Gutenberg
Answer: A
Page Ref: 311
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
46. Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin’s defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin
for being a Jew?
A. to promote pro-Jewish sentiment
B. to promote academic freedom and good scholarship
C. to promote Luther’s ninety-five theses against indulgences
D. to support the Dominican order in Cologne
Answer: B
Page Ref: 310
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: The Northern Renaissance
47. The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves,
but by century’s end it had established ________.
A. an organization promoting freedom of religion
B. friendly relations with Muslims and pagans
C. an organization promoting the freedom of slaves
D. a sea route around Africa to Asia’s spice markets
Answer: D
Page Ref: 312
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
48. What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?
A. to measure the actual size of the Atlantic Ocean
B. to bring more slaves back to Spain
C. to find more gold on the other side of the Atlantic
D. to find a shorter route to the East Indies
Answer: D
Page Ref: 312
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
49. European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts
on Native Americans, including the ________.
A. spread of measles and smallpox
B. spread of a virulent form of syphilis
C. introduction of corn
D. introduction of a new species of fish
Answer: A
Page Ref: 314
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
50. What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and
Spanish conquerors?
A. the renaming of Native American groups
B. the education of Native American children
C. the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
D. preserving Native American traditions
Answer: C
Page Ref: 315
Skill: Conceptual
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
51. Based on “The Renaissance Garden,” which of the following is most accurate?
A. A garden’s main purpose was to romance and seduce potential suitors.
B. A garden was a sign of wealth and privilege that only the wealthy could enjoy.
C. A garden was a source of food and medicine, and a space of social and religious significance.
D. A garden lacked a practical function, but the social dimensions created outweighed the cost
to maintain the garden’s beauty.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 293
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
52. Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ________.
A. what we see
B. the cosmic order
C. an abstract concept of the world
D. imaginary worlds
Answer: A
Page Ref: 296
Skill: Analytical
Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
53. Ludovico of Milan’s fatal mistake was that he ________.
A. sold the city of Milan to the French without proper authority
B. appealed to the French for help
C. claimed Naples for himself, as king, and disregarded French dynastic claims to rule
D. disregarded the threat posed by Milan and denied French aid or assistance
Answer: B
Page Ref: 303
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
54. The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of _______.
A. the beginning of the Reconquista
B. the Inquisition
C. the Renaissance
D. the unification of Spain
Answer: D
Page Ref: 307
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
55. Examine Map 10–2. According to the map, which of the following statements is true?
A. By 1600, Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South America.
B. Portugal had the largest claims to land in the New World.
C. Spain claimed all of Central and South America.
D. Spain held claims in both modern India and the Philippine Islands.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 313
Skill: Analytical
Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East