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Nervous System-Guided Notes
Central Nervous System contains: _____________, and _______________________. It has 4 chambers
in the brain known as ventricles.
Brain has 4 parts: 1) _____________, 2) ____________________________, 3)
________________________, 4) ______________________.
1) Cerebral Hemispheres:
Covered by ridges called _________. Ridges are separated by grooves called ________________. The
hemisphere (right and left) are separated by a
________________________________________________________________. Other shallow fissures
divide each hemisphere into lobes. Lobes are name for the ______________________________ over
them. Ear to ear is the central _______________ (sulci). Posterior to the central fissure in the
_________________ lobe is the __________________________________________________________.
Anterior to the central fissure in the _______________ lobe is the
__________________________________________. It allows us to consciously move our
__________________________________. It has the major voluntary motor tract that descends to the
spinal cord and _________________________________.
Areas in Cerebrum-Impulses for the special senses:
_________________= posterior occipital; ________________= temporal lobe (lateral fissure); olfactory=
___________________________________.
Broca’s area:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Speech
Area:________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
.
Higher Reasoning= _________________________________________. Complex
memories=____________________________________________________________________. Gray
matter of cerebral hemispheres contain the ___________________________________ of neurons.
White matter of cerebral hemispheres is composed of fiber tracts which carry impulses
_____________________________________________.
Corpus callosum-very large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows the
__________________________________________________________________. Basal nuclei or basal
ganglia are buried within the white matter and help
______________________________________________________________.
2) Diencephalon: Interbrain contains
____________________-encloses the 3rd ventricle, relay for sensory impulses. ___________________ is
the floor of the diencephalon and is the ___________________ center. Functions include regulating
temperature, water balance, and metabolism. The _____________________________ in hypothalamus
is a center for many drives, including:
___________________________________________________________________. The hypothalamus
also regulates the __________________ gland which contains mammillary bodies.
__________________ forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle and contains the pineal body (endocrine gland).
The ___________________________ forms CSF (cerebral spinal fluid).
3) Brain Stem
Midbrain extends from the ______________________________________________________________.
____________________________ connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle.
____________________________ contains four rounded of protrusions-reflex centers for vision and
hearing. ___________, just below midbrain, mostly fibers tracts, controls breathing.
______________________________________, most inferior part of brain stem, merges with spinal
cord. Functions of overall brain stem: heart rate, blood pressure,
_____________________________________________________ and vomiting.
4) Cerebellum: Coordinates skeletal muscle activity, controls
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Protection of the Brain:
1) Skull
2) _____________________- 3 parts
_________________________-outside, tough layer.
______________________________- middle, contains blood vessels
______________________-surface of the brain layer.
3) ____________________________________-CSF continuously formed by choroid plexus and it
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Problems of the brain-concussion, contusion, hemorrhage, CVA, aphasia, paralysis
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Spinal Cord-17 inches from skull to L2. Reflex center and _____________________________________.
Central canal contains _____________.
Gray Matter of Spinal Cord:
______________________________________ contains interneurons and sensory neurons; enter by
_______________________________________. Ventral horns (anterior) contains
________________________________________________________, leave by the ventral root. The
dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the ______________________________.
White Matter of Spinal Cord:
________________________________________, some run to other side of spinal cord, some run to
higher centers. All tracts in the anterior and lateral cord are __________________. All tracts in the
posterior cord are _________________.
Problems of the Spinal Cord:
Dorsal root damage- ______________________________________=parasthesis. Ventral root damage______________________________________= paralysis.
Peripheral Nervous System:
Contains nerves-__________________________________. A nerve is a bundle of __________________
found outside the CNS. Nerves are neurons bundled in ________________________________________.
Nerves are named like neurons. Carry to CNS=___________________. Carry from CNS= _____________.
Carrying both sensory and motor=_________________________.
Cranial Nerves-12 pairs
1. _______________________________
7. _____________________________________
2. _______________________________
8. _____________________________________
3. _______________________________
9. _____________________________________
4. _______________________________
10. ____________________________________
5. _______________________________
11. ____________________________________
6. _______________________________
12. ____________________________________
Spinal Nerves-31 pairs
Formed from the fusion of
the______________________________________________________________________. Divides into
dorsal and ventral rami. Both types of rami contain both sensory and ____________________________.
Dorsal rami are smaller and serve _________________________________________________________.
Ventral rami of T1-12 form _____________________________________. All other ventral rami form
plexuses which serve ____________________________________________________.
Two Divisions of the Peripheral Motor Nervous system: Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic nervous system:
________________________________________________________________. Autonomic nervous
system: involuntary, automatic. Motor control of cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands. Involves a
chain of 2 motor neurons called ___________________________________________.
Autonomic system has 2 arms: parasympathetic-____________________________________________.
Sympathetic-_______________________________________________________. Both serve the same
organ but release different ____________________________. Parasympathetic-___________________
fibers; sympathetic-____________________ fibers.
Parasympathetic-Pre-ganglion and post-ganglion neurons secrete ___________________________.
Sympathetic-pre-ganglion neuron secretes _______________________. Post-ganglion neuron secretes
___________________________.
Parasympathetic controls resting and digesting and maintaining homeostasis. Sympathetic increases
________________________________________. Dilation of __________________________________.
Shuts down ________________ system, and activates adrenal glands.
Developmental Problems
Nervous system develops in the _________________ of pregnancy. Viruses, drugs, alcohol and smoking
can affect embryo. Birth defects include
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Continued development
Last to form is the _____________________. Myelination continues through ____________________.
Brain reaches maximum weight in the ___________________________. New neural pathways can
always ________________________________.
Aging Problems
Sympathetic system becomes __________________ in the elderly. Arteriosclerosis and high blood
pressure can cause _________________________________________________. <5%senility at age
_______. Boxers and chronic alcoholics show ______________________________________________.
Reversible Senility-drug side effects, low blood pressure, depression, dehydration, and
__________________ can cause types of senility that will improve if the initial problem is
____________________.