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The First Four Caliphs First Four Caliphs Abu Bakr Al siddiq RA Umar Alkhattab RA Uthman Ibn Affan RA Ali Ibn Abi talib RA These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years. They are called "Rightly Guided"because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasulullah SAW. After the Prophet’s SAW death What happened… Many people panicked followers held a meeting to decide who would become “caliph” Caliph=successor, leader of Muslim community Abu Bakr al Siddiq RA was chosen But a small group wanted Ali RA ابو بكر الصديق رضي هللا عنه Abu Bakr (A.D 632-634) Close friend, early believer, prophet Muhammad’s SAW father-in-law Challenges Successes False prophets Parts of the empire began to break away Reunited and expanded the empire Restored calm to the empire Passed away due to illness عمر بن الخطاب رضي هللا عنه Umar RA(A.D. 634-644) Initially resistant to Islam, later became a close friend of Muhammad Challenges Organizing the expanding empire Successes Continued expansion of the Empire used tax money to pay for police, army, education, Prophet’s family, orphans etc. Arabia, Iraq, western Persia, Syria, Palestine, northern Egypt, and Part of North Africa Passed away by assasination REFORMS In a short space of 10 years, Sayyiduna Umar (radi Allahu anhu) had been well-known for his outstanding achievements and reforms in Islam. Some of these reforms were:1. He established the "Baitul Maal" (People's treasury for the state and public). 2. Judicial courts of Justice were set in the country. Judges and Magistrates handled all cases. 3. Establishment of an army headquarters for the defence of the country. 4. Construction of roads and canals. 5. Schools were established. Salaries for Imams, Mu'azzins and Ustaads were organized. 6. Masjids were improved and built in Makkatul Mukarramah and Madinatul Munawwarah. This included facilities for the Haajis. 7. Police Stations and prisons were built. 8. Establishment of the first Islamic Lunar calendar beginning from the Hijrah. 9. Proper weights and measures introduced. 10. Population census established. 11. Built orphanages and welfare homes. 12. Established proper punishment system and banned slavery. عثمان بن عفان ; رضي هللا عنه Uthman RA 656) wealthy merchant and Muhammad’s son-inlaw Challenges big gap between rich and poor favoritism Successes (A.D. 644- Organized writing of the Qur’an Continued to expand the Empire killed by a group of angry Egyptian protesters Ali’s RA Caliphate and the Division Between Sunnis and Shi’as Clan Rivalries Umayyad Clan Uthman Mu’awiya Hashim Clan Ali Civil War Between Muslims Mu’awiya RA vs. Ali RA negotiators decided both men should resign both continue ruling as caliph anyways Mu’awiya rules over Syria and Egypt Ali rules over Persia rebels tribe tried to kill both guys Mu’awiya gets away Ali is assassinated A Pivotal Point in Muslim History Ali Mu’awiya A Pivotal Point in Muslim History disagreements over caliphs created the split between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims Sunni any religious Muslim can be leader supported rule of first four caliphs 80% of world Muslim population Shi’a only relatives of Muhammad can be leaders or Imams only supported rule of Ali Mostly in Iran