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Reading Guide and Guided Notes: The Odyssey by Homer PART 1: THE WANDERINGS OF ODYSSEUS Book 1: A Goddess Intervenes Book 9: New Coasts and Poseidon’s Son *The Lotus Eaters *The Cyclops Book 10: Circe, the Grace of the Witch Book 11: The Land of the Dead Book 12: The Sirens: Scylla and Charybdis PAGE 371 PAGES 372-385 (373) (374-385) PAGES 386-387 PAGES 388-391 PAGES 392-398 PART 2: THE HOMECOMING Book 17: The Beggar at the Manor Book 21: The Test of the Bow Book 22: Death in the Great Hall Book 23: The Trunk of the Olive Tree PAGES PAGES PAGES PAGES 401-402 403-407 408-412 413-416 SECTION 1: EPIC The Odyssey, an epic, began thousands of years ago in the oral tradition of ancient Greece. 1.) What is an epic? _______________________________________________ 2.) Elements of the Epic: Epic Hero, Archetypes, Epic Plot, Epic Themes, and Epic Setting a.) Epic Hero Contains extraordinary abilities, but also human frailties. * * * * b.) Archetypes Characters and situations recognizable across times and cultures. * * * * * * c.) Epic Plot Depicts a long, strange journey filled with such complications as * * * * d.) Epic Themes Reflect universal concerns, such as * * * * * * e.) Epic Setting * * SECTION 2: LITERARY TERMS AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.) epic simile: 2.) epithet: Examples Homer often refers to Odysseus by such epithets as “son of Laertes” and “raider of cities.” 3.) allusion: Example: “This is the way the court of Zeus must be.” Every listener in Greece immediately understood the allusion to Zeus, the ruler of the gods. 4.) The Trojan War: The _________________ conflict between Greece and Troy began around ___________ B.C. ____________, a Trojan prince, kidnapped ___________, the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Menelaus recruited armies of allied kingdoms to attack ___________ and recover his wife. For _____ years, the Greek forces held Troy under siege, but they could not penetrate the walls of the city. Finally, __________________, king of _____________, came up with a plan to break the stalemate. He ordered his men to build a giant ___________ ___________. One morning, the people of Troy awoke to find that horse outside the city gates – and no Greeks in sight. Assuming the Greeks had retreated and had left the horse as a _____________ offering, they brought the horse inside the gates. They soon discovered, too late, that the horse was filled with Greek soldiers, and that their city was _________________. 5.) Heroism: Great heroes play key roles in _________ epics. The ________________ tells the story of ___________, the mightiest Greek warrior, and of his bitter quarrel with ___________________, brother of Menelaus and commander of the Greek forces at Troy. The tale climaxes in a fierce battle between _________ and _________, Paris’s brother, and Hector’s subsequent funeral. The Odyssey recounts Odysseus’s adventures as he struggles to make his way home from post-war Troy, along with the conflicts that arise in Ithaca just before and after his return. He prevails against gruesome ____________, enchanting __________, and greedy ___________ intent on preventing him from reaching his ______________. Although Odysseus lacks the superhuman martial abilities of Achilles, he employs great ___________ and ___________ to get out of difficult situations. 6.) The Intervention of Gods: Adding to the heroes’ struggles are the residents of Mount ___________, bickering _________ who like nothing better than influencing and manipulating ___________ affairs. For example, __________, the goddess of ______________, supports the Greeks in the Trojan War. ________________, goddess of __________, sides with _____________. Further, the heroes often _____________ other gods who place additional obstacles in their paths. The _______________ display human shortcomings and petty jealousies, and people become _________ as the gods pursue advantages in their ___________ quarrels. 7.) Homer (the alleged author): *May have lived somewhere between ________ and ______________ B.C. – if he ever lived at all. *The Iliad and The Odyssey both contain _____ books of verse. The verses were originally _____ . *Homer’s poems influenced Greek culture, and as a result, contributed to the development of literature, ideas, and values. Dozens of movies have retold the saga of The Trojan War and the long journey home, both directly and symbolically. SECTION 3: IMPORTANT CHARACTERS IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY Book 1: 1.) Helios 2.) Zeus 3.) Telemachus 4.) Penelope 5.) Athena Book 9: 6.) Alcinous 7.) Circe 8.) Cicones 9.) Lotus Eaters 10.) Cyclopes 11.) Apollo 12.) Poseidon Book 10: 13.) Aeolus 14.) Laestrygones 15.) Eurylochus 16.) Persephone 17.) Tiresias of Thebes Book 11: 18.) Elpenor Book 12: 19.) Sirens 20.) Scylla 21.) Charybdis Book 17: 22.) Argos Books 21-23: 23.) Antinous 24.) Eurymachus 25.) Philoetius 26.) Amphinomus 27.) Eurynome 28.) Eurycleia