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Chapter 2 Parts of Speech Nouns are naming words: They may name persons, animals, plants, places, things, substances, qualities, or ideas Bart, armadillo, Mayberry, tree, rock, cloud, love, ghost, music, virtue Nouns are often pointed out by noun indicators: The, A, and An signal that a noun is ahead Pronoun A word used in place of a noun Some pronouns may represent specific persons or things: I she they you me her them yourself myself herself themselves yourselves it he we who itself him us whom that himself ourselves Indefinite pronouns refer to nouns (persons, places, things) in a general way: each everyone nobody somebody Other pronouns point out particular things: SINGULAR PLURAL • this • that • these • those Other pronouns introduce questions: • Who • Which • What Verbs Show action or express being in relation to the subject of a sentence. Types of verbs • Action verbs: ate, washed • Being verbs: is, as, were, are, am • Helping verbs are used with main verbs to form other tenses to form verb phrases: had sung, will be singing Main helping verbs: has, have, had, is, was, were, are, am Helpers: will, shall, should, could Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns and answer the questions • What kind? • Which one? • How many? • What kind are descriptive words red, dirty, noisy, gentle, tired • Which one narrows or restricts meaning my, our, other, this, these • How many are numbering words some, three, each, one, few • Articles are “noun indicators” a, an, the Adverbs Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Adverbs answer the questions • How? • Where? • When? • To what degree? Adverbs that answer • HOW show manner or Hungrily, noisily way • WHERE show location Downtown, behind, upstairs • WHEN indicate time • TO WHAT DEGREE express extent Yesterday, soon Entirely, somewhat Most words ending in –ly are adverbs Skillfully Courteously (exceptions are adjectives like lovely and ugly) Prepositions Are words or groups of words that function as a connective The preposition connections its object(s) to some other word(s) in the sentence. A preposition and its object—usually a noun and a pronoun—with modifiers make up a prepositional phrase, which will function as an adjective or an adverb. Common prepositions about past like after after under off from beyond before above to despite beneath against until on in but behind across near down beside among upon over into by below toward of for between around with Some prepositions are composed of more than one word and are made up from other parts of speech • • • • • • According to As far as Because of In spite of Ahead of As well as • • • • • • In back of Instead of Along with Aside from In front of Together with A Conjunction shows a relationship between words, phrases, or clauses Coordinating Conjunctions • • • • • • • For And Nor But Or Yet So Subordinating Conjunctions After because Although before As but that As if if As long as As soon as provided since so that till in order that notwithstanding whenever where whereas wherever until when Interjection Conveys strong emotion or suprise Interjections use exclamation points when they appear alone • Awsome! • Curses! • Cowabunga! • Yaba dabba doo! When appearing as part of a sentence, interjections are usually followed by a comma: Oh, I did not consider that problem The interjection may sound exciting, BUT It is seldom appropriate for college writing.