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BIOMOLECULE
Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine
Airlangga University
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biomolecule
Biomolecules are divided into two namely:
1. STRUCTURAL: constituent tissues /
body
organism
Example: collagen, keratin
2. FUNCTIONAL: to carry out the
functions
function of life
Example: enzymes, hormones, DNA,
The Diversity of Organic
Molecules Makes Life Diverse
3-3
The chemistry of carbon
makes diverse
molecules possible
Compounds made of hydrogen and
other elements covalently bonded
to carbon atoms

Organisms consist mainly of oxygen,
hydrogen, and carbon


Most of the oxygen and hydrogen are in
water
3-4
Carbon has unique
bonding properties
Carbon can share electrons with as many
as four other atoms
 Consequently, it can form several different
shapes

Chains
 Rings
 Side branches

3-5
Each of these
organisms uses a
different type of
structural carbohydrate
3-6
3-7
Functional groups add to the
diversity of organic molecules

A specific combination of bonded atoms
that always react in the same way


Example: -OH, the hydroxyl group is
hydrophilic and found in alcohol, sugar, and
amino acids
Isomers – organic molecules with identical
molecular formulas, but a different
arrangement of atoms
3-8
Figure 1. Functional groups of organic molecules
3-9
Molecular subunits can be linked
to form macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids are called macromolecules
because of their large size
 The largest macromolecules are
polymers because they are constructed of
many subunits called monomers

3-10
Dehydration and Hydrolysis
 Dehydration
reaction synthesizes
polymers from monomers by
removing water
 Hydrolysis reaction splits polymers
into monomers by adding water
3-11
Figure 2. Synthesis
and degradation of
polymers
3-12
Carbohydrates Are Energy
Sources and Structural
Components
3-13
Simple carbohydrates provide
quick energy
 Used
as an immediate energy source
 Carbon
to hydrogen to oxygen ratio =
1:2:1
 Monosaccharides contain a single
sugar molecule
 Ribose
and deoxyribose are found in
DNA
 Disaccharides
contain two
monosaccharides joined via dehydration
synthesis
3-14
Three ways to represent glucose, a source of quick energy
for this cheetah and all organisms
3-15
Formation and breakdown of maltose, a disaccharide
Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
Lactose: Glucose + Galactose
3-16
Complex carbohydrates store
energy and provide
structural support
Polymers of monosaccharides
 Used for short-term or long-term energy
storage

Animals store glucose as glycogen
 Plants store glucose as starch


Some are used for structure
Chitin is used in animals and fungi
 Cellulose is used by plants

3-17
Some of the polysaccharides in plants and animals
3-18
Lipids Provide Storage,
Insulation, and Other
Functions
3-19
Fats and oils are rich energystorage molecules
 Hydrophobic
biomolecules made of
hydrocarbon chains
 Fats and oils contain glycerol and
fatty acids
 Sometimes
called triglycerides
3-20
Formation and breakdown of a fat
3-21
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
 Saturated
 They
fats have no double bonds
are saturated with hydrogens
 Unsaturated
 They
fats have double bonds
are not saturated with hydrogens
3-22
Other lipids have structural,
hormonal, or protective
functions

Phospholipids have hydrophobic tails
and hydrophilic heads

Found in plasma membranes
Steroids are hydrophobic molecules that
pass through plasma membranes
 Waxes are hydrophobic molecules used
for waterproofing

3-23
Phospholipid, cholesterol (a steroid), and wax
3-24
Proteins Have a Wide Variety
of Vital Functions
3-25
Proteins are the most
versatile of life’s molecules

Important for structure and function


50% of dry weight of most cells
Several functions
Support
 Metabolism
 Transport
 Defense
 Regulation
 Motion

3-26
Each protein is a sequence of
particular amino acids

Proteins are macromolecules with amino
acid subunits


Made of peptide bonds via dehydration
synthesis
Polypeptide chain is many amino acids
bonded together

A protein may have many polypeptide chains
3-27
Formation and breakdown of a peptide
3-28
Amino Acids

Variety is due to the R group
3-29
Amino acid diversity. The amino acids are shown in ionized
form
3-30
The shape of a protein is
necessary to its function


Denaturation - the irreversible change of
protein shape caused by heat or pH
Levels of Organization
3-31
Levels of protein organization
3-32
Nucleic Acids Are
Information Molecules
3-33
The nucleic acids DNA and
RNA carry coded information

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid


RNA – ribonucleic acid


The genetic material
A copy of DNA used to make proteins
Both are polymers of nucleotides
monomers

Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
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Figure 1. One nucleotide
Figure 2. RNA structure
3-36
Figure 3 DNA structure at three levels of complexity
3-37
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW BIOLOGY IMPACTS OUR LIVES
The Human Genome Project
may lead to new
disease treatments
Sequenced the genome of humans
 Scientists create genetic profiles


Used to predict diseases
 Examples:

Type 2 Diabetes, Schizophrenia
Used to make specific treatments
3-38
The nucleotide ATP is the cell’s
energy carrier
 Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
 A nucleotide
with the base adenine and
the sugar ribose making a compound
adenosine
 Hydrolyzes
phosphates to release
energy and form adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
3-39
Figure 1. ATP hydrolysis
Figure 2. releases energy Animals convert food energy to
that of ATP
3-40
Connecting the Concepts:


Carbon forms the backbone of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
The macromolecules of cells are polymers of small
organic molecules
 Simple sugars are the monomers of complex
carbohydrates
 Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
 Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
 Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
3-41