Download Day 8 - Bandura

Feb 22nd 2010
SKINNER
Powerful learning contingency
If you’re reinforced every time (continuous reinforcement) you do a behavior but the
reinforces are taken away, it’ll begin to extinguish quickly.
If you train a behavior originally through partial reinforcement (not every time they do
it) the organism will learn the behavior (longer to learn) once you remove the reinforcer,
it will take a lot longer to extinguish (you’re used to not being reinforced)
- Skinner: I don’t need to know what is going on between your ears (inside your head just distraction, no causal relevance)
- Predict behavior just through external consequences
- ABC’s of behavior
- Need to look at each individual behavior and each individual operant, reinforce
everything.
- Time consuming
Chomsky: People born equipped with capacity to learn universal grammar. Makes no
sense to assume that every single word and construction has to be explicably
reinforced.
One has readiness to learn language and put speech together in a manner that is
meaningful
New Stage
BANDURA
Learning without reinforcement.
- One way we are learning is through observation.
- Acquire certain expertise just by watching
- Not about reward, about modeling.
- Acquisition of Knowledge
- Acquisition vs Performance
- You will not necessarily perform just because you’ve acquired the knowledge.
- You have to expect to be reinforced for doing so.
- More likely to watch somebody with whom you have something in common with.
- Have to be watching to acquire, and the more closely you watch the better you
acquire.
- Have to have expectation that it will work.
- Process of observation shortens the time period that learning takes.
- Example: Watching burglary on TV
- Is actor being reinforced for behavior?
- Vicarious Conditioning
Feb 22nd 2010
- You watch sequence of behavior and person being reinforced and
you come to expect that if you behaved that way, you too would
be reinforced for that behavior.
- Cognitive Mediation
- Skinner would have been against this, Bandura is not.
Person (Umbrella term for
Bandura’s terms of
Efficacy etc etc
Behavior
Expectancies
Self Efficacy Expectation
(Believe that you can do it or can’t)
As soon as you have the expectation, it influences reality.
Believe you cannot do it so you don’t try.
Self Perpetuating Loop
Outcome Expectation
Do I expect to receive a reinforcement for doing a particular behavior?
Prob(B) = [S.E exp] * [Outcome exp] * [Reinforcement value]
Probability of behavior occurring = Prob(B)
Self Efficacy expectation = S.E exp
Mastery, self esteem, competence NOT THE SAME as Self Efficacy
(Those terms are global)
Feb 22nd 2010
In treatment, you must change the self efficacy expectation, to change the behavior.
Role Models
RECIPROCAL INHIBITIONS
Cannot be relaxed and panicked at same time - idea behind Systematic
Desensitization.
THIRD WAY APPROACHES
Taking subjective states extremely seriously.
The way you construct reality, interpret events, and make meaning = focus of
humanistic and existential approaches.
MASLOW and ROGERS
Carl Rogers
Often made fun of
Example: “I feel rotten and my life is falling apart” response: “I hear you’re feeling rotten
and your life is falling apart” (Parrot)
How individual develops and what is nature of self.
Born with Organismic (not orgasmic),,,,,, Organismic Valuing Process
- Know when you find something interesting/boring/frightening/funny - you as a human
know what you’re drawn to.
- Innate barometer of truth of what you are oriented toward in your life.
- Motion in life - toward things that intrigue and interest you.
- Each one of us embedded in relationships and family and they matter to us.
- Family gives you unconditional positive regard (I love you no matter what...
but doesn’t mean you don’t do anything wrong/that you’re never punished.
Disapprove of behavior is different from disapprove of you)
- Develop conscious view of self
- Overlapping with truth of who you are.
- Similar to Organismic Experience
Versus
raised with Conditional Positive Regard; organismic experience incongruous with how
you see your self. Begin to develop aspects of self that allow you to remain feeling
loved.
You are going to believe that you’re the kind of person your mother requires you to be in
order to love you.