Download أعلى النموذج salivary amylase salivary glands, mouth hydrolyzes

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salivary glands, mouth
salivary amylase
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
pancreas, small intestine
pancreatic amylase
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
intestinal glands, small intestine
maltase/sucrase/lactase
gastric juice
hydrolyzes:
maltose to 2 glucose
sucrose to glucose + fructose
lactose to glucose + galactose
gastric glands, stomach
secretions of chief cells (pepsin) and parietal cells
(HCl)
gastric glands, stomach
pepsin
hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
pyloric glands, stomach
gastrin
released when food enters stomach, stimulates gastric
glands to secrete more HCl and gastric juice,
stimulates stomach muscle contractions to churn food
intestinal glands, small intestine
secretin
released by duodenum in response to acidic chyme,
stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice
(bicarbonate neutralizes acid)
pancreas, small intestine
pancreatic juice
cholecystokinin
enterogastrone
trypsin
alkaline fluid with bicarbonate that helps maintain
small intestinal pH by acid neutralization to promote
enzyme function, includes proteases and enzymes
that digest lipids and carbohydrates
duodenum
secreted in response to chyme to stimulate pancreatic
enzyme and bile release
duodenum
secreted when chyme is very fatty to inhibit stomach
peristalis so chyme is released more slowly to
duodenum
pancrease, small intestine
hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds, converts
chymotrypsinogen to active chymotrypsin
pancreas, small intestine
chymotrypsin
hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
pancreas, small intestine
carboxypeptidase
hydrolyzes terminal peptide bonds at carboxyl end
intestinal glands, small intestine
amino peptidase
hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at amino end
intestinal glands, small intestine
dipeptidases
hydrolyzes pairs of amino acids
intestinal glands, small intestine
enterokinase
convert trypsinogen to trypsin
liver, small intestine (gall bladder)
bile
emulsifies fat
pancreas, small intestine
lipase
hydrolyzes lipids
anterior pituitary
growth hormone
stimulates bone, cartilage and muscle growth
anterior pituitary
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
luteinizing hormone
(LH)
follicle-stimulating
hormone
(FSH)
oxytocin
aldosterone
renin-angiotensin
human chorionic
gonadotropin
(HCG)
erythropoietin
vasopressin (ADH)
stimulates milk production and secretion
anterior pituitary
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete
glucocorticoids
anterior pituitary
stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
anterior pituitary
stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis
in males
anterior pituitary
stimulates follicle maturation in females and estrogen
secretion in ovaries, and assists in egg production by
meiosis; spermatogenesis in males
hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk
secretion during lactation
adrenal cortex
stimulates sodium reabsorption in collecting duct and
potassium secretion (causes more water absorption
and higher blood volume/pressure)
kidneys produces renin in response to low blood
volume to convert and activate angiotensin
angiotensin stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
aldosterone (higher blood volume) and ADH from
posterior pituitary
blastocyst, developing placenta
preserves corpus luteum for first trimester of
pregnancy to allow estrogen/progesterone secretion to
be maintained, maintains endometrial lining of uterus
kidney
in response to decrease renal O2 levels, stimulates
bone marrow to produce red blood cells
hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)
stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys decrease
urine volume
thryoid
thyroid hormone
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids
epinephrine/norepinephrin
glucagon
insulin
stimulates metabolic activity, acts on reproductive,
nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to promote
normal function, need iodine
(thyroxine/triiodothyronine)
thyroid
decreases the blood calcium level in response to high
blood calcium by influence on osteoblasts
parathyroid
increases blood calcium level in response to low
calcium in blood by activation of osteoclasts
adrenal cortex
increases blood glucose level (conversion of fats and
proteins) and decreases protein synthesis, high levels
inhibit inflammatory response (cortisol and cortisone),
steroid
adrenal cortex
increases sodium retention (and thus water) retention
in the kidney and potassium excretion, steroid
(aldosterone)
adrenal medulla
increases blood glucose level and heart rate, response
to stress, cause fight-or-flight
pancreas (alpha islet)
stimulates converstion of glycogen to glucose in the
liver; increases blood glucose
pancreas (beta islet cells)
lowers blood glucose and increases storage of
glycogen
pancreas
somatostatin
supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
testis
testosterone
estrogen
maintains male secondary sexual characteristics
(androgen) and sperm production, steroid
ovary/placenta
maintains female secondary sexual characteristics,
follicle development, pregnancy
ovary/progesterone
progesterone
promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium, steroid
pineal
melatonin
unclear in humans (possibly influence on patterned
behaviors like sleep, fertility, and aging)
heart
atrial natriuretic hormone
involved in osmoregulation, lower blood pressure
thymus
thymosin
stimulates T lymphocyte development
anterior pituitary
endorphins
gonadocorticoids
relaxin
act on nervous system to reduce the perception of
pain
adrenal cotex
secreted in small amounts (androgens and estrogens),
steroids
placenta
used to release ligaments attaching pubic bones to
allow for more space during pregnancy