Download Chapter 5 part 3 - wlhs.wlwv.k12.or.us

NOTES:
Skeletal Organization, continued
(Ch 5, part 3)
THORACIC CAGE
**The thoracic cage includes the ribs, thoracic
vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages. It
supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs,
protects the organs and soft tissues of the
thoracic cavity, and functions in breathing.
THORACIC CAGE
RIBS:
• 12 pairs of ribs attach to the 12 thoracic
vertebrae
• costal cartilages of the TRUE RIBS join the
sternum directly; those of the FALSE RIBS
join it indirectly or not at all.
• a typical rib has:
a shaft
a head
tubercles that articulate with the
vertebrae
THORACIC CAGE
STERNUM:
• the sternum consists of a: MANUBRIUM,
BODY, and XIPHOID PROCESS
• it articulates with the clavicles
PECTORAL GIRDLE
**The pectoral girdle is composed of two
clavicles and two scapulae. It forms an
incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs
and provides attachments for muscles.**
PECTORAL GIRDLE
CLAVICLES:
• clavicles are rodlike bones located between
the manubrium and scapulae
• they hold the shoulders in place and provide
attachments for muscles.
PECTORAL GIRDLE
SCAPULAE:
• the scapulae are broad, triangular bones
• they articulate with the humerus of each upper limb
and provide attachments for muscles
• prominent features of each scapulae are the:
acromion process (forms tip of shoulder)
coracoid process (curves toward clavicle)
acromion pr.
coracoid pr.
UPPER LIMB
**Bones of the upper
limb provide the
frameworks and
attachments of
muscles, and function
in levers that move
the limb and its
parts.**
UPPER LIMB
HUMERUS:
• the humerus extends from the scapula
to the elbow
• it articulates with the radius and ulna at
the elbow
RADIUS:
• located on the THUMB SIDE of the
forearm between the elbow and the
wrist
• it articulates with the humerus, ulna,
and wrist
UPPER LIMB
ULNA:
• the ulna is longer than the radius
• it articulates with the radius laterally and
with a disc of fibrocartilage inferiorly
WRIST and HAND:
• wrist is composed of 8 carpal bones (see
bone list and bone diagrams/coloring)
• the hand includes 5 metacarpal bones
and 14 phalanges
• each finger has a: proximal, middle, and
distal phalanx (except the thumb, which
lacks a middle phalanx)
PELVIC GIRDLE
**The pelvic girdle consists of 2 COXAE that
articulate with each other anteriorly and
with the SACRUM posteriorly.**
PELVIC GIRDLE
PELVIS:
• the SACRUM, COCCYX, and PELVIC
GIRDLE form the bowl-shaped pelvis
PELVIC GIRDLE
COXAE:
• each coxa consists of an ILIUM, ISCHIUM, and
PUBIS, which are fused together
*ILIUM:
-largest portion of the coxa;
-joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
*ISCHIUM:-lowest portion of the coxa;
-supports body weight when sitting
*PUBIS: -the anterior portion of the coxa;
-the pubic bones are fused anteriorly at
the SYMPHISIS PUBIS
LOWER LIMB
**Bones of the lower limb provide
frameworks for the thigh, leg, ankle, and
foot.**
LOWER LIMB
FEMUR:
• the femur extends from the hip to the knee
• the PATELLA articulates with the femur’s
anterior surface
LOWER LIMB
TIBIA:
• located on the medial side
of the lower
leg
• articulates with the TALUS
of the ankle
FIBULA:
• located on the lateral side
of the tibia
• articulates with the ankle
but does not
bear body weight
LOWER LIMB
ANKLE and FOOT:
• the ankle and foot consist of
the 7 tarsals (see bone list
and diagrams/coloring),
5 metatarsals, and 14
phalanges
• each toe has a: proximal,
middle, and distal phalanx
(except the “big toe”, which
lacks a middle phalanx)