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The Elements of Music - the Basic Building Blocks of Music Rhythm - The combinations of long and short, even and uneven sounds that convey a sense of movement. It is the movement of sound through time. Concepts contributing to an understanding of rhythm are o o o o o o o o o o regular vs. irregular accented – emphasis is placed on a given beat or beats strong vs. weak beats long vs. short notes equal vs. unequal emphasis complex vs. simple syncopated – accents on beats that would not normally have emphasis (often found in jazz) Time signature (simple or compound) eg. ¾ , 4/4, 6/8, etc. Non-metrical – no specific pattern of accented or unaccented beats Ostinato - a short melody or pattern that is constantly repeated, usually in the same part at the same pitch (i.e., drum pattern for “We Will Rock You) Melody - A logical succession of musical pitches arranged in a rhythmic pattern. An important part of melody is rhythm. The notes vary in pitch and duration. Form also applies to melody. Melodies include repetition as well as contrast. Pitch characteristics of melodies include: o o o o o o o Direction - up, down, stay the same Range - wide or narrow spectrum of notes ranging from low to high Position - Maybe use notes of high pitches or transposed to low pitches Intervals - The distance between the pitches of the melody may be steps from one note to an adjacent note, or skips where pitches leap from one to another skipping a tone or tones. Conjunct – notes in melody change by small intervals. Notes move in stepwise motion or are very close to each other on the staff Disjunct – notes in melody move by large leaps. There are large spaces between the notes. Motif (like a ‘riff’ in guitar) – small building block of a melodic phrase Phrase – a musical sentence; usually 4 to 8 bars in length Ostinato - a short melody or pattern that is constantly repeated, usually in the same part at the same pitch (i.e., drum pattern for “We Will Rock You) Harmony - The vertical blocks of different tones that sound simultaneously; a progression of chords. o o Consonant – relatively pleasing sound to the ear. The notes that are combined sound at rest; like they don’t need to resolve to another note that does sound at rest. Dissonant – harmony that sounds as if it is incomplete, like it needs to move to another more consonant combination of notes Texture – The way in which the different musical lines are layered o o o Monophonic – single line, unaccompanied texture (described as ‘thin’) Polyphonic – many independent lines of music occurring simultaneously (‘thick’ or ‘dense’) Homophonic – a main musical line with an accompaniment that supports the main melody. This accompaniment is usually simple, and often moves rhythmically with melody. Form - The design of music, incorporating repetition, contrast, unity, and variety. The organization of music, its shape or structure. o o o o o o o ABA – Ternary ABACABA - Rondo AB – Binary Verse/Chorus – Strophic Through Composed – no repetition 12 – Bar Blues 32 Bar Song Form The Expressive Elements of Music Timbre - The distinctive quality of tone of a sound. o o Instrumentation Bright, Dark, Brassy, Warm, Raspy, Smooth etc. Dynamics - The volume of sound; the loudness or softness of a musical passage. o o o o o o o p – piano – soft pp – pianissimo – very soft f – forte – strong (loud) ff – fortissimo – very strong (very loud) m – mezzo – means medium or moderately and can be added to either a “p” or a “f” crescendo – gradually increase volume decrescendo – gradually decrease volume Tempo - The pace at which music moves, based on the speed of the underlying beat. Usually indicated by using Italian terms such as the ones below. The tempo is often indicated by a specific metronome marking which indicates a certain number of beats per minute (bpm). The metronome is a device that keeps time by clicking at a specified number of beats per minute. o o o o o o o Largo – slowly or broadly Andante – moderately slow; walking pace Moderato – moderate pace Allegro - quickly Vivace – lively and spirited Accelerando (accel.) - with gradually increasing speed Ritardando(rit.)/rallentando (rall.) - becoming gradually slower