Download Lab 06 - The Appendicular Skeleton

Week 06 Lab
The Appendicular Skeleton
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
❍
❍
❍
❍
❍
❍
Identify the bones and surface features of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.
Articulate the clavicle with the scapula.
Articulate the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna.
Identify the bones and surface features of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
Articulate the pelvic bones with the sacrum to form the pelvis.
Articulate the pelvic bones, femur, tibia, and fibula.
ACTIVITY 1: The Pectoral Girdle
In this activity, you will become familiar with the clavicle, the scapula, and the attachment of the pectoral
girdle to the axial skeleton.
Recommended materials for this activity:
•
clavicle and scapula from your bone box
•
articulated lab skeleton
1. Locate a clavicle on the study skeleton or in your bone box.
❍ Identify the sternal and acromial ends of the clavicle. Can you feel these ends on your own
clavicles?
2. Locate a scapula on the study skeleton. Review the surface features of the scapula described below.
❍ Identify the superior, lateral, and medial borders of the scapula.
❍ Identify the spine, the acromion, the coracoid process, and the glenoid cavity.
❍ Can you feel the spine and acromion on your own scapula?
3. Place a clavicle from the disarticulated skeleton on your shoulder and determine how it would articulate
with your scapula.
ACTIVITY 2: The Arm, Forearm, and Hand
In this activity, you will become familiar with the superficial features of the upper appendage.
Recommended materials for this activity:
•
humerus, radius, ulna, and articulated hand from your bone box
•
articulated lab skeleton
1. Locate a humerus of your study skeleton or bone box and review its surface features.
1
❍ Identify the head, surgical and anatomical necks, and the greater and lesser tubercles.
❍ Identify the deltoid tuberosity.
❍ Identify the epicondyles and the condyle. Can you feel the epicondyles on your own humerus?
❍ Identify the capitulum, trochlea, and fossae of the distal humerus. For additional practice, complete
the Sketch to Learn activity below to understand the markings at the distal end of the humerus.
2. Locate an ulna and radius of your study skeleton and review their surface features.
❍ Study the processes that fit into the corresponding fossae of the humerus.
❍ Identify the articulating anatomy between the ulna and radius.
3. Locate the bones of the hand on the study skeleton.
❍ Distinguish between the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
❍ Identify the metacarpals and the phalanges. Do all the fingers have the same number of phalanges?
4. Articulate the bones of the upper limb with those of the pectoral girdle.
2
ACTIVITY 3: The Pelvic Girdle
In this activity, you will explore the regions of the pelvic bones, their significant markings, and some of the
anatomical differences between male and female pelves.
Recommended materials for this activity:
•
lab skeleton
•
pelvic bone and sacrum from bone box
•
male and female articulated pelves
1. Locate a pelvic (coxal) bone on your study skeleton or from your bone box.
2. Identify the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
❍ Are sutures visible where these bones fused?
❍ Locate the acetabulum and obturator foramen.
❍ Identify other features of the ilium: the iliac crest, the anterior superior and posterior superior spines,
and the iliac fossa.
❍ Locate the pubic symphysis.
3. Trace along the iliac crest and down the posterior surface.
❍ Identify the greater and lesser sciatic notches and the ischial spine.
❍ What is the large rough area on the inferior ischium called?
❍ Identify other features of the ischium and pubis.
4. Articulate the pelvic bone from your box with the sacrum to form (part of) the pelvis.
5. Examine the pelvis on several articulated skeletons in the laboratory. How can you distinguish a male
pelvis from a female pelvis? On both the male and female pelves:
❍ Find the true and false pelves.
❍ Compare the sizes of the pubic arch on both the male and female pelves.
ACTIVITY 4: The Leg and Foot
In this activity, you will become familiar with the superficial features of the lower appendage.
Recommended materials for this activity:
•
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and articulated foot from your bone box
•
articulated lab skeleton
3
1. Locate the femur, tibia, and fibula on your study skeleton or in your bone box. Locate these bones on
your own body.
2. Identify the surface features of the femur.
❍ Locate the head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters.
❍ Trace your hand along the posterior of the diaphysis and feel the linea aspera. What attaches to this
rough structure?
❍ On the distal end of the femur, identify the epicondyles, condyles, and the intercondylar fossa.
3. Identify the surface features of the patella.
❍ Examine the two facets of the patella.
4. Review the anatomy of the tibia and fibula.
❍ On the tibia, locate the condyles and the tibial tuberosity.
❍ On the distal tibia, locate the medial malleolus.
❍ Locate the lateral malleolus of the fibula. How does its shape differ from the fibular head?
5. Identify the bones of the foot.
❍ Identify the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
❍ Which tarsal bone directly receives body weight?
❍ Which bones form the arch of the foot?
❍ Do the toes all have the same number of phalanges?
6. Articulate the bones of the lower limb with the pelvis.
4