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THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS Chapter 4 Zeus Parthenon Alexander After the Fall of Troy and Mycenae Greece entered a Dark Age (define), featuring: Emigration Dorian invasion Beginning of the Iron Age Adoption of the Phoenician alphabet Homer, cont. The Iliad and the Odyssey Commentary on the Dark Ages • Greeks considered these epic poems as authentic history. Moral Handbook • courage • heroic excellence • fighting to protect family and honor Circa 750 BC, Greek civilization emerged from the Dark Ages, featuring, Hoplite Infantry Colonization Tyrants and the Polis (City-state) Warfare End of the 8th Century the hoplite infantry formation was developed. Early warfare dominated by aristocratic (define) cavalry and individual duels. Advantages? Heavy bronze or leather armor. Bronze helmets, breastplates, and bronze-plated wooden shields. Bronze short sword and an iron spear. Why not more iron? Hoplites, cont. Hoplites operated in Phalanx What is it? Why it worked Why is studying military formations and hardware sometimes important? What does it tell us about the society? Colonization and the Rise of Tyrants The poverty of the Dark Age meant that many Greeks emigrated by sea, seeking Land Trade opportunities Why did these colonies tend to be independent of their mother polis? What were the • Cultural consequences? • Economic rewards? • Political consequences to the old Aristocracy and new merchants? Greek Colonies Tyrants Rise in the 7th and 6th centuries. Why are they called “tyrants?” How did they gain power? From whom did they get political support? Goals of “tyrants”? Why age of tyrants ended? Consequences? The Polis In the 8th Century the Polis emerged as the fundamental institution in Greek society. Poleis varied considerably in political structure. Activities (political!) of the Polis: • Government and Trade • Social/cultural • Religious activities. The Polis was stratified into three broad categories • Citizens with political rights – adult males (approx. 1/3 of total) • Citizens without political rights – women and children • Non-citizens – foreigners and slaves Citizenship: What rights/what responsibilities? Negatives of the Polis for Greece? This Is Sparta Located in Laconia in the southwestern Peloponnesus Conquered Laconian neighbors: Helots Expand to Messenia What problem does this leave the Spartans with? Why is a military state an attractive solution? Were there other possible solutions? Sparta Lycurgan Reforms Codex of social and military policies Governmental structure What was the role of women? Educational system? Kings Gerousia and Apella Ephors Why is Sparta designed this way? Attitude toward foreigners and foreign ideas? Why? Peloponnesian League. On what principle does this alliance function? Athens Located on Attic Peninsula Why is the government in trouble in 700 BC? What form does the government take? How is it weakening itself and its people? Demands of farmers? In 590 Aristocrats appoint Solon, as reformer Effects of his reforms? Tyranny Democracy: Athenian Assembly rules 10 Generals CLASSICAL GREECE Period from 500 until 338. Begins with war against the Persians, Ends when Alexander the Great conquers Greece. Period from which those things we most remember about ancient Greece originated. The Persian War Persia: powerful empire to east of Greece Had conquered many Greek colonies in Asia Minor. 499: Greek cities revolted against Persian domination. Assisted by naval forces from Athens. What are their motives? Effect of failed rebellion? Battle of Marathon Persian emperor Darius attacks mainland Greece in 490. What is expected? Greek hoplites defeat the Persians on the plains of Marathon, roughly 26 miles from Athens. How? Effect on Greece and Persia? Darius the Great The Persian War Darius’ successor, Xerxes, renewed the invasion Sparta forms a defensive league and Athens joins Sparta—strong army Athens—strong navy 480: Persians attack with 150,000 troops and 700 ships. Huge army for ancient times Advantages for Greeks? Thermopylae Sack of Athens Plataea: Defeat of Persians Herodotus: First Greek Historian Delian League Athens wants greater unity among city-states. Why? Athens wants to continue fight against Persians. Where? Forms Delian League in 477 with Athens as leader. Liberates Greek Asian colonies Athenian Dominance Athens rejected calls by small city-states to end the league. Why maintain the alliance? What is the effect for Athens? Pericles perpetuated power of Athens Pericles How did Pericles maintain his own power in Athens? In the League? Athenian power at its height. 431 BC: Great Peloponnesian War Athens and Allies v. Sparta and Allies Lasted 27 years Destroyed classical Greece Thucydides: Athenian historian The Rise Of Macedonia While the Greeks city-states were fighting each other, the Macedonians were emerging as a power in the north. Phillip II built a powerful army Battle of Chaeronea near Thebes in 338. The Greeks were crushed by Macedonians How do the Greeks “win?” Corinthian league City-states required to pledge loyalty to Phillip. Forced to help him fight Persia Alexander the Great Son of Phillip II. Took power at age 20. Continued fight against Persians Over the next 13 years, created an empire spanning Southwest Asia Effect of conquests for Greece and the world? Alexander’s Empire Alexander’s Conquests 334: Granicus: defeats Persians in Asia Minor; liberated the Greek states in Ionia 333: Issus: Defeats a larger Persian force under Darius III. 332: takes control of Syria, Palestine and Egypt Established the city of Alexandria Declares himself Pharaoh 331: Defeats the Persians in the decisive battle at Gaugamela. Enters Babylon and takes the Persian capitals at Susa and Persepolis, Seized the Persian treasury and took vast quantities of gold and silver. Gaugamela I Gaugamela II Gaugamela III Gaugamela IV Alexander’s Conquests, cont. 330: Darius III is killed and Alexander takes the title of the Great King of Persia. 327: Conquers western India Alexander retreats; Why? Consequences? 323: Alexander dies at the age of 32 due to his wounds, fever and probably excessive alcohol consumption. Hellenistic Era Alexander’s empire was short-lived, but created smaller kingdoms across Mediterranean. Succession Crisis Hellenistic Kingdoms Leading generals had been left to govern areas of the conquered land. What happens when Alexander leaves his Empire in the hands of a one-year old boy? Hellenistic Kingdoms The Fate of the Hellenists Greeks never stopped being seen as invaders. Why not? Established new Greek colonies in conquered lands. Effects of those? Immigrants from Greece to Hellenistic kingdoms. What for? Economic and social trends Culture In The Hellenistic World Greek language, culture and tradition gave Greek states a sense of unity. Continued advancement in art, architecture, literature and science. Alexandria Libraries: centers of intellectual achievement. Science and Pergamum diverges from philosophy Archimedes of Syracuse Epicureanism Epicureanism was founded by Epicurus near the end of the fourth century BC. People’s self-interest should be the basic motivating force. Happiness is the goal of life Means to achieve happiness is the pursuit of pleasure “pleasure” is freedom from emotional turmoil, freedom from worry, being mentally at ease. To achieve peace one has to free oneself from public activity. What earlier school of thought informs Epicureanism? Stoicism Stoicism popularized by Zeno. Rejected attempts to control one’s world to achieve happiness Should define happiness without regard to day-to-day travails and tragedies. Road to happiness: accept whatever life brought, good or bad. Basic tenet was to live in harmony with the will of God. Most popular philosophy of the Hellenistic period and was also popular during the period of the Roman Empire Stoics did not remove themselves from public affairs. Service was considered noble. What earlier school of thought informed Stoicism?