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Unit Four
Whose question
Whose is followed by a noun and used to ask to whom it belongs. For
example:
Whose pen is this?
This is my pen.
Whose books are these?
They’re mine.
Whose is replaced by some possessive adjective, noun or pronoun.
Present continuous statements
 The present continuous is mainly used to express the idea that
something is happening at the moment of speaking.
 The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the
verb “be” and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb. The basic
form is:
subject + (am, is, are) + verb-ing + object
For example: He is studying.
 With some verbs the ending must be change, the rules are:
Verb ending in...
How to make the -ing
form
Examples
one vowel + one
consonant
Double the consonant,
then add -ing
swim - swimming
hit - hitting
get - getting
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Verb ending in...
one vowel + one
consonant + e
anything else
How to make the -ing
form
Examples
Remove e, then add -ing
come - coming
lose - losing
live - living
Add -ing
say - saying
go - going
walk - walking
Uses of the present continuous:
1. Present actions: The present continuous is used for actions happening
at the moment of speaking.
For example: He is eating a dinner.
2. Actions in progress: The present continuous is used to describe an
action is taking place now and not yet complete.
For example: He is studying hard to pass the exam.
3. Future (personal) arrangements: The present continuous is used to
describe an action that will take place in the future. The time showing
futurity is usually mentioned.
For example: I’m leaving for London next week.
Note:
The following words and phrases are usually used with the present
continuous:
now, at the moment, today, at present …
For example: I am studying English now.
He is wearing a new coat today.
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Present continuous yes/no questions
To construct a present continuous yes/no question, use the following
form:
helping verb (i.e. am, is, or are) + subject + base form of the verb + -ing
For examples:
Helping verb + subject Base form of the verb + -ing
Short Answers
Am I
Yes, you are.
packing?
(first person singular)
No, you're not.
No, you aren't.
Are you
driving?
(second person singular)
Are you
Yes, I am.
No, I'm not.
praying?
(second person plural)
Yes, we are.
No, we're not.
No, we aren't.
Are we
wearing?
(first person plural)
Yes, you are.
No, you're not.
No, you aren't.
Are they
growing?
(third person plural)
Yes, they are.
No, they're not.
No, they aren't.
Is he
thinking?
(third person singular)
Yes, he is.
No, he's not.
No, he isn't.
Is she
studying?
(third person singular)
Yes, she is.
No, she's not.
No, she isn't.
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Is it
moving?
(third person singular)
Yes, it is.
No, it's not.
No, it isn't.
Conjunctions “and” and “but”
But
Conjunction
is a word that connects parts of a sentence. The conjunctions
“and” and “but” can be used to join two statements.
1. And: is used when the statements are similar.
For example: It’s snowing and it’s very cold.
2. But: is used to connect statements that express opposite ideas.
For example: I’m wearing a coat but I’m still felling cold.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns and pronouns and to
quantify and identify them. For example:
My suit is black
I’m wearing a black shirt.
Here, black is an adjective as it is describing the noun “shirt” (placement
of adjective before noun).
Pronunciation of the letters “s” and “sh”
 The letter “s” is pronounced /s/ as in the following words:
sea, sell, seat, suit
 The syllable “sh” is pronounced /ʃ/ as in the following words:
she, shell, sheet, shoot
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Engineering terms
Clay
Coefficient
Cohesion
Column
Compaction
Compressibility
Compression
Compressive strength
Concentration
Concrete lining
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Unit Five
Present continuous Wh-questions
In the present continuous tense, question forms are made by changing the
word order of the sentence. The forms of the Wh-question in the present
continuous are:
1. Form begins with a question word like what, where, or why then use
am, is, or are plus subject –ing verb form.
What is he doing?
He is going to work.
2. Form begins with a question word who then use am, is, or are plus the
–ing form of the verb.
Who is having breakfast?
Conjunction “so”
So as a conjunction has two basic meanings:
1. with the result or consequence that:
What are they doing?
It’s noon, so they’re having lunch.
2. In order that:
I am staying, so I can see you.
Engineering terms
Consolidation
Co-ordinate
Coupled
Dam
Dead load
Deflection
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Deformation
Diffusion
Discharge
Ductility
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Unit Six
Simple present statements
The simple present is used to make statements about the present time. It is
used in the following ways.
1. Permanent facts: These sentences give facts which are always true.
For example: Stars shine at night.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
2. Present facts: These sentences are true now.
For example: I work at home.
“I work at home” doesn’t mean I am working right now, but it does mean
that in my present condition I work at home.
She takes the bus to work.
3. Habitual actions: These actions are repeated regularly, so they are
considered a present reality and are expressed in the simple present.
For example: They use public transportation every day.
Negative form of the simple present statement:
In the negative statements of the simple present use the following form:
Affirmative Negative
subject + verb + object
I walk to school.
subject + do/does + not + verb + object
I don’t live far from here.
He works near hear.
He doesn’t work downtown.
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Notes:
1.
Contractions: don’t = do not, doesn’t = does not
Use don't and doesn’t instead of do not and does not, respectively when
you speak, and for informal writing.
2.
If the subject is I, you, we, or they, use the simple form of the verb.
3.
If the subject is he, she, or it (third singular person) in the simple
present, the rules are:
a. Most of verbs ends in -s
take takes
work works
b. Verbs ending in /s/ /ch/ /sh/ /z/ /o/ /x/ add -es
watch watches
wash washes
do
does
go
goes
fix
fixes
c. Verbs ending in consonant + y, change the y to ies
study studies
try
tries
4.
The following adverbs are usually used with the present simple
tense:
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every morning, every day, every week …
once a day, twice a week, three times a month …
usually, always, frequently, generally, occasionally, seldom, rarely …
Simple present statements with irregular verb
An irregular verb is a verb that doesn’t follow the rules for how it looks in
the simple present tense. The irregular verb in the simple present
statement in both spelling and pronunciation is have. The infinitive form
of the verb do and say is regular in spelling, but irregular in
pronunciation.
1. I, you, we, they have
For example: I have a new friend.
2. He, she has
For example: He has an apartment in the city.
Simple present questions
 Simple present yes/no questions:
To make the question form of the present simple, use do or does before
the subject. It can be use any verb here, including the verb “have”.
For example: Do you get up early?
No, I get up late.
Does he have lunch at noon?
No, he eats lunch at one o’clock.
Do they drive to work?
Yes, they drive to work every day.
 Simple present Wh-questions
To form a Wh-question, it must be put what, where, why, who, when or
how before the auxiliary verb.
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For example: What time do you get up?
At ten o’clock.
What time does he have lunch?
At one o’clock.
When do they drive to work?
Every day.
Pronunciation: Third-person singular -s endings
The pronunciation of the third-person singular -s endings are:
s = /s/
take
walk
takes
walks
s = /z/
go
study
(e)s = /iz/
goes
studies
Engineering terms
Eccentricity
Elasticity
Elastic modulus
Elevation
Elongation
Embankment
Excavation
Expansive
Exponential
Factor
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wash
watch
washes
watches
Unit Seven
Simple present short
Inanswers
questions that use the auxiliaries do and does, it is possible to give
short answers to direct questions as follows:
Questions
Short Answer
(Affirmative)
Short Answer
(Negative)
Do you live in an apartment?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Do the bedrooms have windows?
Yes, they do.
No, they don’t.
Does he live in a house?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
Does the house have a yard?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn’t.
Note:
1. In most cases, it is possible to give a short answer or a long answer
to a question. In usual conversation, short answers are much more
common than long answers. Long answers are for more formal
conversations or if you want to give more information in your
response.
2. In the examples above, notice that the answer uses the first verb in
the question.
There is, there are
There is/There are is a common phrase, used to indicate that something
exists or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the verb when
there is/are is used.
 We use there is (singular) / there are (plural) to say that something is
located in the place or exists, for example:
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There’s a bed in the bedroom.
There are some chairs in the
kitchen.
 We use there isn’t (singular) / there aren’t (plural) to say that
something isn’t located in the place or doesn’t exist:
There’s no sofa in the bedroom. There are no chairs in the living
room.
There isn’t a table in the kitchen. There aren’t any chairs in the
living room.
Note:
Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in speech.
“There’s” is the most common contraction.
There’s = There is
 Write the following sentences in a different way:
1. I don’t have a table in the bedroom.
There’s no table in the
bedroom.
2. I have some chairs in the kitchen.
kitchen.
There are some chairs in the
Pronunciation: Words with “th”
Notice the pronunciation of /θ/ and /ð/.
/ð/
/ð/
/θ/
/ð/
/θ/
/θ/
There are thirteen rooms in this house. The house has three bathrooms
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Writing: Describing Facts and Figures (Bar
Charts)
A fact is different from an opinion because it is objective and often
involves measurement.
 We can describe tables, charts, or graphs using the following
: Words with “th”
language:
 The table (chart, graph) shows that ...
We can see from the table (chart, graph) that ...
 The total (largest/ smallest) number of ...
The (highest/ lowest) percentage of ...
... % of the population
 the (increase/ decrease) rate
the rate of ...
 In describing a graph or chart always:
(1) say what the graph or chart shows.
(2) describe the mam changes.
(3) summarize the major trends and/or high and low points.
 For example, the graph below shows what a group of students think
about understanding an experiment they have seen in the laboratory.
For the graph shown below, you could say that half the students did not
understand the experiment. Or you could say that 50 percent of the
students did not understand the experiment. You could be even more
specific and state that 15 out of 30 students did not understand the
experiment.
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Engineering terms
Factor of safety
Failure
Fatigue
Fault
Field
Filtration
Finite series
First degree equation
First derivative
Fix
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