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Knowledge Map- 7th- Grade Language Arts
Reading:
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1.0 Word Analysis, Fluency, and Systematic Vocabulary Development
An idiom is an expression not meant literally. (1.1)
An analogy compares two objects or concepts to point out a similarity. (1.1)
A metaphor is comparing two different, unrelated things without using “like” or “as.” (1.1)
A simile compares two things using the words “like” or “as.”(1.1)
A root word is the base form of a word that contains its core meaning.(1.2)
An affix is a group of letters added before or after a base word or root, modifying the meaning. (1.2)
A prefix comes before a root word to change its meaning. (1.2)
A suffix comes after a root word to add meaning. (1.2)
There are four ways you can clarify the meaning of a word in context: definition, example,
restatement, or contrast. (1.3)
Reading:
2.0 Reading Comprehension (Focus on Informational Materials)
10. Fictional literature is divided into three sub categories; poetry, prose, and drama. (2.0)
11. A stanza is a group of consecutive lines that expresses a unit of thought (like a paragraph) within a
poem. (2.0)
12. Textbooks, newspapers, instruction manuals, and signs are all structured differently depending
on their purpose. (2.1)
13. Use consumer, workplace, and public documents to locate information. (2.2)
14. Cause and effect is when one event leads to another event. “Cause” is what happened, and the
“effect” is the result of it. (2.3)
15. The tone is the attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character (i.e. Serious,
sarcastic). (2.4)
16. A fact is knowledge or information that can be proven. (2.4)
17. An opinion is a judgment, belief, or conclusion, but lacks positive knowledge or proof. (2.4)
18. Bias is a combination of experience and knowledge that shade an author’s point of view. (2.6)
19. Stereotyping is to judge, usually unfairly, that some people have certain qualities because they
belong to a particular group (race, gender, social class, etc.). (2.6)
20. Author’s bias controls the underlying meaning of the text. (2.4)
21. To use a mechanical or electronic device (i.e. cell phone) correctly, refer to its technical manual and
follow directions. (2.5)
Reading:
3.0 Literary Response and Analysis
22. Different genres of fiction include fantasy, science fiction, and historical fiction. (.30)
23. Authors write for different purposes: to entertain, to inform, or to persuade. (3.1)
24. Short stories, novellas, novels, and essays are all different forms of prose. (3.1)
25. Short stories, novellas, and novels share similar characteristics such as characters, setting, plot,
conflict and resolution. They differ in length and depth of these characteristics.(3.1)
26. The purpose of short stories, novellas, and novels is to entertain the reader. (3.1)
27. An essay is a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a single subject. There are two types:
personal and formal. (3.1)
28. The setting is the time and place in which a story takes place. (3.1)
29. Plot is a series of related events that make up a story. (3.1)
30. The basic situation is the part of the plot that gives information about the setting, characters, and
conflict. (3.2)
31. Rising action refers to the series of events, various complications, and conflicts that occur leading up
to the climax. (3.2)
Last revised 2/28/11
32. Climax is the moment of greatest emotional intensity or suspense in the plot, and is often called the
turning point. (3.2)
33. During the denouement (between the climax and resolution), the final stage of the story’s plot is
resolved. (3.2)
34. Resolution is the ending of the story where the conflict is resolved. (3.2)
35. Foreshadowing is the use of clues that hint at events that will occur later in the plot. (3.2)
36. Irony is the difference between what is expected and what actually happens. (3.2)
37. Suspense is a feeling of growing tension or excitement.(3.2)
38. Symbolism is when an author uses concrete, real objects to represent an idea. (3.2)
39. The mood is the atmosphere or feeling a piece of literature creates in a reader.(3.2)
40. Internal conflict is a problem that a character must overcome by himself or herself. (3.2)
41. External conflict is a problem the character has with another character, nature, or society. (3.2)
42. Indirect characterization is the way an author depicts a character through actions, speech,
thoughts and feelings, and other character’s reactions. (3.3)
43. Direct characterization occurs when the authors actually states a character’s traits or qualities. (3.3)
44. A protagonist is the main character in a story.(3.3)
45. An antagonist is the character or force that opposes the protagonist in a story. (3.3)
46. Theme is the author’s message/perception about life or human nature that is communicated by a
literary work.(3.4)
47. First person point of view is when the story is told by a character in the story and uses the pronoun
“I.” (3.5)
48. In third person limited point of view the narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings of a single
character using the pronouns he, she, they. (3.5).
49. In third person omniscient point of view the narrator plays no part in the story and possesses a godlike perspective (sees all and knows all) using the pronouns he, she, they. (3.5)
50. An author’s voice is subjective when he or she includes opinions. (3.5)
51. An author’s voice is objective when it is factual, expressed without an opinion. (3.5)
52. Literary criticism is the ability to analyze several responses to literature and determine how the
literary elements shape those responses. (3.6)
Writing:
1.0 Writing Strategies
53. Well organized essays balance all aspects of the composition and use effective transitions to unify
and connect sentences and paragraphs. (1.1)
54. Techniques an author can use as an “attention-getter”/ “hook” include dialogue, rhetorical
questions, action, description, statistics, anecdote or quotations. (1.1, 1.2)
55. A rhetorical question is a thought provoking question that you don’t expect an answer to.
56. A thesis statement (1-2 sentences) is the controlling idea and major argument(s) that support the
main idea for an essay and is included in the introductory paragraph. (1.2)
57. The topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. (1.1)
58. Supporting statements and claims with anecdotes, descriptions, facts, quotes, and statistics helps to
create clear, coherent essays. (1.2)
59. An anecdote is a brief narrative/story told to illustrate a point. (1.2)
60. A quotation is a group of exact words a character says or lifting or copying the original words the
author uses. (1.2)
61. Note-taking, outlining, and summarizing create a structure to organize ideas for writing. (1.3)
62. Give credit for both quoted and paraphrased information in a bibliography by using a consistent
format for citations. (1.5)
63. The process of writing to improve organization and word choice is called revision. (1.7)
~ Writing 1.6 – intentionally left out as it is a performance standard, not tested . . .
Last revised 2/28/11
Writing:
2.0 Writing Applications (Genres and their Characteristics)
64. A narrative can be autobiographical, biographical, or fictional, and tells a story. (2.1)
65. An author’s “voice” is the style in which he or she writes. (2.0)
66. Voice is the unique way a writer expresses ideas and feeling; it reveals the writer’s personality.
67. In a Response to Literature essay, the student understands and reacts to a piece of literature. (2.2)
68. When writing a research paper, identify the topic and investigate by asking relevant and evaluating
questions. (1.4) (2.3a)
69. Persuasive writing includes a clear position, evidence and counterargument with a rebuttal. (2.4)
70. Summarizing is the concise restating of the important ideas in a work. (2.5)
71. A summary includes the main idea and the most significant details. (2.5)
72. Paraphrasing is to restate a passage in one’s own words. (2.5)
Written and Oral English Language Conventions:
1.0 Written and Oral English Language Conventions
73. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence is performing the action. (1.1)
74. In the passive voice, the subject is being acted upon. (1.1)
75. Adjectives and adverbs are also known as modifiers. (1.1)
76. An antecedent is the noun to which a pronoun refers. (1.2)
77. Verbal phrases include participles, infinitives and gerunds. (1.2)
78. An infinitive is a verb formed with the preposition to and the plain form of the verb. (1.2)
79. A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective. Present ends in –ing, past ends in –d or
–ed. (1.2)
80. A gerund phrase contains a verb (that ends in -ing) acting like a noun. (1.3)
Parts of Speech:
81. An interjection shows strong emotion. (1.3)
82. A verb is an action word. (1.3)
83. Helping verbs help the main verb express action or a state of being. (1.3)
84. An adverb describes a verb. (1.3)
85. Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that act like adverbs. (1.3)
86. A noun is a person, place or thing. (1.3)
87. A collective noun is a word that names a group; some can take a singular verb. (1.3)
88. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses. (FANBOYS) (1.3)
89. An adjective describes a noun. (1.3)
90. Predicate adjectives follow a linking verb and describe the subject of the sentence.(1.3)
91. A preposition shows the relationship (time, location and direction) of a noun or pronoun to another
word. (1.3)
92. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. (1.3)
93. The direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the question
who or what. (1.3)
94. An indirect object tells who or what receives the direct object. (1.3)
Types and Structures of Sentences:
95. A subject is the part of the sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about. (1.3)
96. The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells what the subject is or does. (1.3)
97. A fragment is an incomplete sentence; missing either a subject or predicate. (1.3)
98. A rambling or stringy sentence has too many independent clauses combined with conjunctions. (1.3)
99. A run-on sentence is two sentences put together without proper conjunction or punctuation. (1.3)
Last revised 2/28/11
100. A dependent or subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb, but it does not express a
complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence – relies on the rest of the sentence to make
sense. (1.3)
101. An independent or main clause contains a subject and a verb which expresses a complete
thought and can stand alone as a complete sentence. (1.3)
102. A compound sentence has two or more simple sentences combined using a conjunction. (1.3)
103. A complex sentence includes a dependent and independent clause. (1.3)
104. A declarative sentence states an idea and ends with a period. (1.3)
105. An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. (1.3)
106. An exclamatory sentence conveys strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark. (1.3)
107. An imperative sentence gives an order or a request and ends with a period or exclamation mark.
(1.3)
Punctuation:
108. An appositive provides details about the noun or pronoun before it. (1.4)
109. To set off an appositive phrase, always use a comma before and after. (1.4)
110. Plural nouns ending in –s add an apostrophe after the –s; all other cases get an –‘s. (1.4)
111. Use a comma before and after a direct quotation.
112. In dialogue, use a comma to set off the words of the speaker from the rest of the sentence. (1.4)
113. Use a comma between words, phrases, or clauses in a series of three or more items. (1.4)
114. When using quotation marks for dialogue and copying from a text, punctuation goes inside the
ending quote. (1.4)
115. Use a comma to separate two independent clauses with a conjunction (FANBOYS).
116. A semi-colon connects two related independent clauses without a conjunction; it connects two
thoughts. (1.5)
117. A colon is followed by an elaboration or summation of what precedes, or used to separate
groups of numbers referring to different things (as hours from minutes in 5:30); or used to separate
the members of a ratio or proportion.
118. A colon may be used in a greeting of a formal/business letter, list or important point. (1.5)
119. Nouns that end is -s,-z,-x,-ch, and -sh, form their plural by adding the suffix -es.
120. Numbers less than twenty should be written out.
121. Dashes show a pause or an abrupt interruption. (1.5)
122. A hyphen is used to divide a word when it is at the end of the line or between parts of a
compound word. (1.5)
123. Use brackets to enclose an explanation added to quoted or parenthetical material. (1.5)
124. Capitalize the following: beginning of a sentence, proper nouns, proper adjectives, languages,
titles of literature, abbreviations, beginning of a quote, title followed by a person’s name, etc. (1.6)
125. Derivatives are words that are created from other words and are spelled correctly when the right
bases and affixes are applied. (1.7)
Supplemental:
126. Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration.
127. Onomatopoeia uses words whose sounds suggest their meaning.
128. Alliteration is the repetition of a sound or letter at the beginning of words.
129. Good readers use a variety of reading strategies in order to understand what they’ve read. Some
of these include: asking questions, adjusting reading speed, rereading, inferring, visualizing,
predicting, making connections, determining importance and synthesizing.
130. Personification is a poetic device in which an inanimate object is given human characteristics.
131. A concrete detail (CD) is information from the text which supports the main idea.
132. Commentary (CM) is the writer’s thoughts/opinions used to connect the concrete details to the
main idea.
Last revised 2/28/11