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Winter Twig Key to Deciduous Trees, Shrubs & Vines (Adapted from Winter Twigs: A Wintertime Guide to Deciduous Trees and Shrubs of Northwestern Oregon and Western Washington by Helen Margaret Gilkey and Patricia L. Packard, 2001.) Note re superscript designations: † = Introduced in lower 48 states § = Native and introduced in lower 48 states 1a Leaf scars alternate Buds naked 3a Leaf scars broadly V- to U-shaped; bundle scars 5 ............................................................... Toxicodendron diversilobum 3b Leaf scars rounded; bundle scars 3 ................................................................ Frangula purshiana (=Rhamnus purshiana) 2b Buds scaled 4a At least the flower buds short-stalked; or if buds not stalked, the pith continuous, very minute, and 3-angled in crosssection; pith dense 5a Pith round in cross-section ...................................................................................................................... CEANOTHUS 6a Bud scales narrow, largely exposing the densely pubescent leaf rudiments .................................. C. integerrimus 6b Bud scales broad, completely covering the leaf rudiments............................................................... C. sanguineus 5b Pith 3-armed or 3-angled in cross section 7a Fruiting structures woody, cone-like, persisting through the winter; buds conspicuously stalked ............. ALNUS 8a Buds mostly dull red; next season's catkins present during the winter on the preceding year's growth; peduncles shorter than the "cones"; bark smooth, gray 9a Old leaves with revolute margins .................................................................................................. A. rubra 9b Old leaves with plain margins............................................................................................... A. rhombifolia 8b Buds dull purple; next season's catkins appearing with the leaves on the spring growth; peduncles longer than the "cones"; bark scaly, brown ................................................................................ A. viridis ssp. sinuata 7b Fruiting structures not woody or cone-like, and not persisting through the winter; buds not conspicuously stalked ....................................................................................................................................................... BETULA 10a Large tree; the bark peeling in papery sheets......................................................................... Betula papyrifera 10b Shrub, 3 to 12 ft. tall; bark not peeling in papery sheets ................................................................... B. pumila 4b The buds not stalked; or, if short-stalked, pith coarsely spongy on drying, and neither very minute nor 3-angled in cross section 11a Lowermost (or the single) bud scale directly over the leaf scar 12a Bud scale single, sac-like ...............................................................................................................................SALIX 2a 582719142 page 1 12b Bud scales several, not sac-like ............................................................................................................. POPULUS 13a Buds over ½ in., resinous and fragrant ........................................................... P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa 13b Buds under ½ in., averaging ¼ in., scarcely resinous ................................................................. P. tremuloides 11b Lowermost bud scale lateral over leaf scar 14a Buds globose, sessile, often appearing 2-ranked on horizontal branches; scales papery, brown ................................................................................................................... Corylus cornuta var. californica 14b Buds not as above, and never appearing 2-ranked 15a Bundle scars more than 7 16a Shrub, densely spiny; bundle scars in a single series.................................................. Oplopanax horridus 16b Tree, or rarely shrubby; bundle scars obscure, grouped ............................................................ QUERCUS 17a Bud scales glabrate ............................................................................................................. Q. kelloggii 17b Bud scales downy .............................................................................................................. Q. garryana 15b Bundle scars 7 or fewer, sometimes indistinguishable on shriveled leaf scars 18a Bundle scar 1 19a Bark of older twigs exfoliating in long thread-like shreds 20a Leaf scar often torn, the bundle scar projecting; twigs glabrous ......................Elliottia pyroliflora .......................................................................................................... (=Cladothamnus pyroliflorus) 20b Leaf scar clean, bundle scar flush with surface; twigs minutely tomentose, and with scattered stalked glands ................................................................................................. Menziesia ferruginea 19b Bark of older twigs not long-shreddy but, in Spiraea, sometimes exfoliating by thin plates 21a Leaf scars not sharply triangular, slightly raised ....................................................... VACCINIUM 22a Twigs sharply winged or angled 23a Stems winged 24a Buds pointed, their tips diverging; shrub 4 to 12 ft.; coastal, or at low altitudes in the Coast Range and Cascade mountains ..................................................... V. parvifolium 24b Buds appressed; shrub 1/3 to 1-1/3 ft., diffusely branched; medium to high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains ......................................................................... V. scoparium 23b Stems sharply angled, at least when young, but scarcely winged 25a Slender shrub, 1 to 4 ft. tall; at low altitudes in the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains; dead tip of stem above the uppermost bud continuing in direction of axis, thus distinctly terminal ............................................................................ V. ovalifolium 25b Spreading shrub, 1-1/2 to 6 ft.; at medium altitudes in the Cascade Mountains; dead tip of stem above the uppermost bud diverging from the axis, thus appearing lateral .......................................................................................................... V. membranaceum 582719142 page 2 22b Twigs angled or not, never sharply so 26a Stems not angled; bark shreddy; shrubs of coastal and mountain bogs ......... V. uliginosum 26b Stems more or less angled; shrubs low, rigid 27a Buds plump, divergent, with several exposed scales .. V. uliginosum (=V. occidentale) 27b Buds flattened, appressed, with only 2 exposed scales 28a Twigs smooth; stems conspicuously, but not sharply, angled below the buds ............................................................................................................ V. deliciosum 28b Twigs sometimes minutely pubescent; stems obscurely angled below the buds ............................................................................................................ V. cespitosum 21b Leaf scars sharply triangular, not raised .......................................................................... SPIRAEA 29a Buds, and usually twigs, puberulous....................................................................... S. douglasii 29b Buds, and usually twigs, glabrous 30a Stems unbranched above the ground ............................................ S. betulifolia var. lucida 30b Stems freely branching .......................................................... S. splendens (=S. densiflora) 18b Bundle scars more than 1 31a Pith solid or lamellate, not coarsely spongy 32a Bundle scars 5 33a Leaf scars ragged; bark shreddy ............................................................ Physocarpus capitatus 33b Leaf scars not ragged; bark not shreddy ........................................ Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi 32b Bundle scars 3, through sometimes obscure 34a Leaf scars shriveled, on greatly raised persistent petiole bases .................................... RUBUS 35a Stems armed with spines or prickles 36a Shrubs with weak thickened prickles ....................................................... R. spectabilis 36b Brambles and vines with well-developed, though sometimes small, prickles 37a Stems cylindrical or nearly so 38a Prostrate and creeping or climbing; scarcely glaucous 39a Stems 1 to 4 ft. long; rare except in deep woods .......................... R. nivalis 39b Stems reading 12 to 18 ft.; common in open woods and thickets and along streams ......................................................................................... R. ursinus 38b Erect or trailing; conspicuously blue-glaucous .......................... R. leucodermis 37b Stems angled or fluted 40a Twigs fluted, maroon .................................................................R. armeniacus† 40b Twigs merely angled, green or dull red .......................................... R. lacinatus 35b Stems unarmed with spines or prickles 582719142 page 3 41a Stalks stout and upright ............................................................................ R. parviflorus 41b Stalks cordlike and trailing 42a Bud scales pubescent ........................................................................ R. lasiococcus 42b Bud scales glabrous except for ciliate margins ....................................... R. pedatus 34b Leaf scars clean and visible; petiole bases deciduous but sometimes leaving a slight ridge 43a Scars (from leaf) linear; bundle scars sometimes obscure ......................................... ROSA 44a Calyx lobes deciduous or partly so 45a Fruit small, pear-shaped to globose, without a neck; prickles strait, needle-like, or absent; calyx lobes completely deciduous .......................................R. gymnocarpa 45b Fruits long urn-shaped, contracted into a neck; prickles stout, recurved; calyx lobes often only partially deciduous .................................................. R. eglanteria† 44b Calyx lobes persistent 46a Fruit usually borne singly; not contracted into a neck ....... R. nutkana var. nutkana 46b Fruit usually borne in corymbs 47a Heavy prickles absent; needle-like prickles absent or present, sometimes densely so at base ...........................................................................R. pisocarpa 47b Heavy and needle-like prickles present ....................... R. nutkana var. nutkana 43b Scars (from leaf) broader than linear; bundle scars obvious 48a Bud scales densely pubescent 49a Bark shreddy ............................................................................ Holodiscus discolor 49b Bark not shreddy ...................................................................... Malus X domestica† 48b Bud scales essentially glabrous 50a Lowermost bud scales distinctly swollen, fleshy at the base 51a Bud scales not keeled; buds globose or nearly so ............. Crataegus douglasii 51b Bud scales, at least the lower, keeled; buds not globose 52a Stipule scars present, linear, sometimes inconspicuous................ PRUNUS 53a Buds ovoid, ¼ to 3/8 in. long; twigs of moderate thickness ...............P. virginiana var. demissa 53b Buds narrow, conical, averaging 3/16 in. long; twigs slender ............P. emarginata 52b Stipule scars absent ...................................................................Malus fusca 50b Lowermost bud scales not swollen at the base 54a Pith lamellate ................................................................. Oemleria cerasiformis 54b Pith continuous................................................................ Amelanchier alnifolia 582719142 page 4 31b Pith with sponge-like cavities, at least when dry1....................................................................... RIBES 55a Stems armed with stout or slender prickles 56a Nodal prickles weak and many ................................................................................. R. lacustre 56b Nodal prickles 1 to 3 57a Tip of twig glandular-pubescent; nodal prickles mostly 3-forked 58a Prickles at nodes slender; internodal prickles typically absent on older stems ................................................................................................................ R. lobbii 58b Prickles at nodes stout; internodal prickles usually present........................ R. menziesii 57b Tip of twig not glandular-pubescent; nodal prickles single, or with rudimentary laterals .......................................................................................................... R. divaricatum 55b Stems unarmed with prickles 59a Leaf scars large and broad, covered by a membrane .......................................... R. bracteosum 59b Leaf scars narrow 60a Margins of inner bud scales ciliate, not glandular .......................................... R. laxiflorum 60b Margins of inner bud scales glandular and sometimes ciliate 61a Buds reaching ¼ to ½ in.; shrubs erect, reading 5 to 8 ft. 62a Growing west of the Cascade Mountains ........................................ R. sanguineum 62b Growing at medium altitudes in the Cascade Mountains ................. R. acerifolium 61b Buds less than ¼ in.; low shrub, widely branching 3-1/2 ft. or less tall ........ R. cereum 1b Leaf scars opposite* (*In Fraxinus, one bud of a pair sometimes slightly higher than the other.) Note: If buds naked, golden/copper colored; stems rough with rusty colored spots2 (leaves lance-shaped, 4-7 mm; leaf scar with one vascular bundle scar) ..................................................................................................................... Shepherdia canadensis§ Or: Buds scaled ......................................................................................................................................................... continue to 63 63a Vines, climbing by twining petioles and petiolules; pith somewhat obscurely 12-angled .....................Clematis ligusticifolia 63b Trees or shrubs; or, if vines, pith rounded, hollow 64a Leaf scars covered by a membrane3 65a Bundle scars 3 ............................................................................................................................... Philadelphus lewisii 65b Bundle scars many, in a U line .......................................................................................................... Fraxinus latifolia 64b Leaf scars not covered by a membrane4 66a Scars raised on persistent petiole bases and obscured by corky growths 1 Visible in cross, longitudinal or oblique section. The spots covering the leaves and twigs (which are especially the young ones) are peltate trichomes. 3 In P. lewisii, the membrane is papery-looking with the developing bud rupturing the membrane. Ribes bracteosum also has membrane-covered leaf scars. 4 But, the abcission layer may seem membrane-like in Lonicera. 2 582719142 page 5 67a Exposed bud scales 6 to 8; buds not conspicuously flattened ...............................................SYMPHORICARPOS 68a Erect shrub; twigs glabrous ................................................................................................................... S. albus 68b Low spreading shrub; young twigs pubescent ............................................................ S. hesperius (=S. mollis) 67b Exposed bud scales about 4 .................................................................................................................. LONICERA 69a Pith solid; erect or spreading shrubs 70a Erect shrub; common at the coast and on low mountains ..................................................... L. involucrata 70b Spreading shrub; in our area, found only at high altitudes ....................................................... L. utahensis 69b Pith hollow; vines or shrubs; buds 4-angled, divergent 71a Twigs glabrous .............................................................................................................................. L. ciliosa 71b Twigs pubescent, at least at nodes ............................................................................................ L. hispidula 66b Scars not greatly raised; petiole bases not persistent, though a ridge sometimes remaining 72a Bundle scar 1....................................................................................................................... Euonymus occidentalis 72b Bundle scars more than 1 73a Pair of leaf scars meeting around stem [may not actually touch each other] in an ascending curve or point .................................................................................................................................................................. ACER 74a Exposed bud scales 2 .......................................................................................... A. glabrum var. douglasii 74b Exposed bud scales more than 2 75a Terminal bud usually absent; buds subtended by long white hairs ................................. A. circinatum 75b Terminal bud usually present; buds not subtended by hairs ...................................... A. macrophyllum 73b Pair of leaf scars meeting around stem in a straight line, or a descending curve or point, or rarely not meeting 76a Bundle scars generally 5 or 7 (rarely 3); twigs stout, with large leaf scars ............................ SAMBUCUS 77a Buds diverging; upper margin of leaf scar notched ........................................ S. nigra§ (=S. mexicana) 77b Bud appressed; upper margin of leaf scar entire ......................................... S. racemosa var. racemosa ............................................................................................................ (=S. racemosa var. arborescens) 76b Bundle scars 3; twigs slender; leaf scars narrow 78a Scales of terminal bud more or less persistent; pubescence, when present, consisting of appressed or reflexed hairs, attached by one end ....................................................................................VIBURNUM 79a Exposed bud scales 4 to 6 ............................................................................................V. ellipticum 79b Exposed bud scales 2 .......................................................................................................... V. edule 78b Scales of terminal bud deciduous; pubescence of twigs consisting, at least in part, of slender appressed hairs attached by their centers ............................................................................... CORNUS 80a Twigs dull reddish, with predominately gray overcoating; flower buds large, button-like, naked during most of the winter ................................................................................................ C. nuttallii 582719142 page 6 80b 582719142 Twigs deep lustrous red; flower buds not as described above ......................................... C. sericea page 7 Species List (Gilkey & Packard) Acer circinatum Acer glabrum var. douglasii Acer macrophyllum Alnus rhombifolia Alnus rubra Amelanchier alnifolia Betula papyrifera Betula pumila Ceanothus integerrimus Ceanothus sanguineus Cladothamnus pyroliflorus Clematis ligusticifolia Cornus nuttallii Cornus sericea Corylus cornuta Crataegus douglasii Euonymus occidentalis Fraxinus latifolia Holodiscus discolor Lonicera ciliosa Lonicera hispidula Lonicera involucrata Lonicera utahensis Malus fusca Malus X domestica Menziesia ferruginea Oemleria cerasiformis Oplopanax horridus Philadelphus lewisii Physocarpus capitatus Populus tremuloides Populus trichocarpa Prunus emarginata Prunus virginiana var. demissa Quercus garryana Quercus kelloggii Rhamnus purshiana Ribes acerifolium Ribes bracteosum Ribes cerceum Ribes divaricatum Ribes lacustre Ribes laxiflorum Ribes lobbii Ribes menziesii 582719142 Ribes sanguineum Rosa eglanteria Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana var. nutkana Rosa pisocarpa Rubus armeniacus Rubus laciniatus Rubus lasiococcus Rubus leucodermis Rubus nivalis Rubus parviflorus Rubus pedatus Rubus spectabilis Rubus ursinus Salix Sambucus mexicana Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi Spiraea betulifolia var. lucida Spiraea densiflora Spiraea douglasii Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos mollis Toxicodendron diversilobum Vaccinium ceaspitosum Vaccinium deliciosum Vaccinium occidentale Vaccinium ovalifolium Vaccinium parvifolium Vaccinium scoparium Vaccinium uliginosum Viburnum edule Viburnum ellipticum page 8 Species List (PLANTS Database) Acer circinatum Pursh – vine maple Acer glabrum Torr. var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel – Douglas maple Acer macrophyllum Pursh – bigleaf maple Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. – white alder Alnus rubra Bong. – red alder Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. sinuata (Regel) A. Löve & D. Löve – Sitka alder Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. – Saskatoon serviceberry Betula papyrifera Marsh. – paper birch Betula pumila L. – bog birch Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. – deerbrush Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh – redstem ceanothus Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. – western white clematis Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray – Pacific dogwood Cornus sericea L. ssp. sericea – redosier dogwood Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp – California hazelnut Crataegus douglasii Lindl. – black hawthorn Elliottia pyroliflora (Bong.) S.W. Brim & P.F. Stevens – copperbush [syn. Cladothamnus pyroliflorus] Euonymus occidentalis Nutt. ex Torr. – western burning bush Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper – Cascara buckthorn Fraxinus latifolia Benth. – Oregon ash Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. – oceanspray Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. – orange honeysuckle Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray – pink honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. – twinberry honeysuckle 582719142 Lonicera utahensis S. Watson – Utah honeysuckle Malus fusca (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. – Oregon crab apple Malus X domestica – domestic apple† [Malus pumila Mill. – paradise apple] Menziesia ferruginea Sm. – rusty menziesia Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon – Indian plum Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. – devilsclub Philadelphus lewisii Pursh – Lewis' mock orange Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze – Pacific ninebark Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw – black cottonwood Populus tremuloides Michx. – quaking aspen Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hook.) D. Dietr. – bitter cherry Prunus virginiana L. var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. – western chokecherry Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. – Oregon white oak Quercus kelloggii Newberry – California black oak Ribes acerifolium Howell – mapleleaf currant Ribes bracteosum Douglas ex Hook. – stink currant Ribes cereum Douglas – wax currant Ribes divaricatum Douglas – spreading gooseberry Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. – prickly currant Ribes laxiflorum Pursh – trailing black currant Ribes lobbii A. Gray – gummy gooseberry page 9 Ribes menziesii Pursh – canyon gooseberry [Oregon, not Washington or Idaho] Ribes sanguineum Pursh – redflower currant Rosa eglanteria L. – sweetbriar rose† Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. – dwarf rose Rosa nutkana C. Presl var. nutkana – Nootka rose Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray – cluster rose Rubus armeniacus Focke – Himalayan blackberry† Rubus laciniatus Willd. – cutleaf blackberry Rubus lasiococcus A. Gray – roughfruit berry Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray – whitebark raspberry Rubus nivalis Douglas ex Hook. – snow raspberry Rubus parviflorus Nutt. – thimbleberry Rubus pedatus Sm. – strawberryleaf raspberry Rubus spectabilis Pursh – salmonberry Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. – California blackberry Sambucus nigra L. – black elderberry§ Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa – red elderberry Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. var. grayi (Wenzig) C.L. Hitchc. – western mountain ash 582719142 Spiraea betulifolia Pall. var. lucida (Douglas ex Greene) C.L. Hitchc. – shinyleaf spirea Spiraea douglasii Hook. – rose spirea Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K. Koch var. splendens – rose meadowsweet [syn. S. deniflora] Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake – common snowberry Symphoricarpos hesperius G.N. Jones – trailing snowberry [syn. S. mollis] Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene – Pacific poison oak Vaccinium alaskaense Howell – Alaska blueberry Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. – dwarf bilberry Vaccinium deliciosum Piper – Cascade bilberry Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Torr. – thinleaf huckleberry Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. – oval-leaf blueberry Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. – red huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville – grouse whortleberry Vaccinium uliginosum L. – bog blueberry [syn. V. occidentale] Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. – squashberry Viburnum ellipticum Hook. – common viburnum page 10 Glossary Reference: GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms <http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/> alternate – Describes leaves that are not opposite to each other on the axis, but arranged singly at different heights. appressed – Lying close and flat against, as a bud against a twig. bud – The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower. calyx – The outer part (perianth) of the flower, usually green and formed of several divisions called sepals, that protects the bud. catkin – A compact and often drooping cluster of reduced, stalkless, and usually unisexual flowers; an ament. ciliate – Marginally fringed with hairs (cilia). continuous (pith) – Not interrupted. corymb – flat-topped or convex open flower cluster, the outer flowers opening first. In the stricter use of the word, equivalent to a contracted raceme and progressing in its flowering from the margin inward. deciduous – 1. Not persistent. 2. A tree losing its leaves at the end of the growing season; nonevergreen. downy – Covered with fine hairs. entire (margin) – Without toothing or division. exfoliating (bark) – Cleaving off in thin layers. fruit – 1. The mature ovary of a seed plant. 2. Sporangia; often applied to the sporophyte. fruiting structure – structure that produces fruits (e.g., a catkin) glabrate – Somewhat glabrous, or becoming glabrous. glabrous – Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy. glandular – Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland. glaucous – Bluish white; covered or whitened with a very fine, powdery substance. globose – Globe-shaped. internodal – See internode. internode – The portion of a stem between two nodes. (Also see node.) lamellate (pith) – Composed of or arranged in layers or thin plates; having lamellae. (Also: lamellose.) lenticel – A corky spot on the surfaces of twigs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the underlying tissues. The spot sometimes persists on the barks of branches. margin (leaf) – An edge of a flat structure, such as a leaf. naked (bud) – Describes a bud which lacks bud scales. nodal – See node. node – The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves. (Also see internode.) ovoid – A solid with an oval outline. peduncle – A primary flower stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower. persistent – Lasting beyond maturity without being shed, as some leaves remaining through winter, etc. 582719142 page 11 petiole – The stalk of a leaf that attaches to the stem. petiolule – The stalk of a leaflet. pith – The spongy or hollow center of twig or some stems. prickle – A small, sharp outgrowth involving only the outer epidermal layer, usually more slender than a thorn. This is the correct term for rose thorns. prostrate – Lying flat upon the ground. puberlous – Minutely pubescent. (Also: puberulose, puberulent or puberulous.) pubescent – Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft, and down-like. recurved – Curved downward or backward; with ray florets curved backward along their length toward the stem. reflexed – Abruptly bent or turned downward. revolute – Curled under; rolled. scale – A thin, membrane-like covering of the bud or twig base. scar, bundle – Tiny, somewhat circular dots within the leaf scar, caused by the breaking of the fibrovascular bundles which run through the petioles into the blades of the leaves. scar, leaf – The mark left on the twig at the point of attachment of a leafstalk when the leaf falls. scar, stipule – The mark left on the twig at the point of attachment of a stipule when the leaf falls (and associated with the leaf scar). sessile – A leaf without a petiole; sessile. spine – A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from a stem, leaf, or other plant part. tomentose – Densely pubescent with matted wool. unarmed – Lacking thorns, prickles, etc. 582719142 page 12 Additional Resources: PLANTS Database <http://plants.usda.gov/> Winter Tree & Shrub Key <http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php> (from the WTU [University of Washington] Image Collection) 582719142 page 13
