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The Reign of Henry VIII 1509-47
1. How effectively did the Tudors restore and develop the powers of the Monarchy?
2. In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period?
3. How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured?
4. How did English society and economy change & with what effects?
5. How far did intellectual and religious ideas change and develop and with what effects?
6. How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected
by developments?
Becoming King
The Legacy Of Henry VII
• In 1485, England was financially and socially unstable following the
effects of the War Of The Roses. Through his thirty years on the
throne he managed to bring England and the realm to stability.
• He was the first monarch to leave their accounts of the throne “in
the black”. He left £300,000 in jewels and plates for his successor
and £10,000 in cash.
• "the crown was vastly stronger than it had been in 1485, but it was
no nearer to being absolute“.
• There was a substantial flow of income through taxes of different
kinds even through some may have been unpopular with the
people of England and the nobles.
• Henry VII died, leaving peaceful foreign policies so that England
wasn’t at war.
• He managed to leave an effective way of government where the
king could rule with his councillors.
Henry VIII initial actions and aims
Initial actions
Initial aims
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•
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He used his money that was left behind
immediately to finance his aggressive
foreign policies like the invasion in the
south west of France in 1513.
He arrested Emspon and Dudley for
their illegal ways of obtaining taxes
through crown lands during the reign of
Henry VII.
The conciliar form of government was
removed after the increasing influence
of Thomas Wolsey in 1514.
There were also many cancelled bonds
and recognizances and the council
learned in law was also abolished.
•
•
He wanted to establish status
amongst the European monarchs.
He tired to pursuit military glory
with led to war with powerful
Charles v but with mixed occasional
alliances.
Another aim was to re-establish the
role of the nobility. Nobles didn’t
achieve political domination but
henry tired to promote their
interest of Thomas Wolsey.
He also wanted to establish himself
as a successful warrior king as he
went to war with powerful
countries.
Henry VIII character
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•
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•
•
Aged 17
No experience of government
Little work ethic
“the spare, not the heir”
Unstable
Enjoyed sports and hunting
How he became king
• In 1502, Henry VIII older brother prince Author died and at
11 years old Henry viii was the heir of England. The
following year saw the death of his mother, who he was
very close with.
• The relationship between henry and his father wasn’t as
close as him and his mother, as he favoured his eldest son
as it was seen that he would take the throne.
• Prince Henry was kept in seclusion in his apartments, which
could be reached only through the King's. He was allowed
only the company of his tutors, servants and guards
• King Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 and the early life of
Henry ended when he succeeded to the throne of England
when he was nearly 18 years old.
Hannah Grainger
• 1513: Dean of York and Bishop of Tournai
• 1514: Made Bishop of Lincoln then
Archbishop of York
• 1515: Made Cardinal by Pope Leo X, also
became Lord Chancellor in Henry’s
government when Warham resigned
• 1518: Appointed Papal Legate by Leo X
• Henry was in favour of the appointment of
Wolsey as it shows the nobility that their status
isn’t as powerful/important than they think
• He gained a degree at Oxford at the age of 15,
therefore his intelligence proved sufficient
enough for him to carry out such high positions
i.e. Cardinal
• Henry wasn’t particularly interested in
government, therefore, he left Wolsey in control
of the government
- Described as the “alter-rex”, meaning the
alternative king which could be seen as a
threat to Henry’s position as King, which could
have been a main reason for his downfall
- The nobility was threatened by Wolsey’s
appointment as Cardinal due to his
background – son of a butcher
•
•
•
•
Butcher’s son – not from an important background
Well educated – went to Oxford
His enemies saw him as arrogant and vindictive
He used his legal powers as Lord Chancellor and
network of informants to intimidate anyone he saw as
a rival
• Proud and ostentatious
• Organised
• Able to guess the King’s demands, allowing him to
progress further
Wolsey’s domestic policies
• Law & Order
+ Being ‘Lord Chancellor meant that Wolsey had full power over law and order.
+ Wished to change the use of ‘common law’ (used since William the Conqueror)
to ‘civil law.’
+ Creates court of chancery, using the foundations of ‘civil law.’ (deal with matters
such as: civil jurisdiction, property, contracts and wills)
+ 7% rise in cases being taken to court
- Eventually cases became to frequent, meaning the court was slow paced and
highly costly. (Matters only made worse by Wolsey being distracted by foreign
policy.)
- Recorded abuses of power within law, e.g.: Sir Amya Paulet who was sent to
court for daily attendance for 5 years and threatened that under the law he would
lose everything if he did not attend, (due to Wolsey withholding a personal
grudge upon him.)
• Star Chamber
+ Reformed in May 1516.
+ 10X the amount of cases under Henry VIII’s reign (high percentage of cases came to a judgement)
+ Political weapon against the nobility (increases Henry’s power)
• Finance
1514 (Subsidy): Replacement of the ‘fifteenth and tenths’ taxation (that led to starvation.)
+ Based upon ability to pay (aided working class families and increased government revenue
1515(Act of Resumption): wished to increase revenue from crownlands (lost due to HernyVIII)
- Income decrease by 25,000 per annum
+ Few crown lands returned
1523(Subsidy):
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Parliament grant Wolsey the subsidy to raise funds to fight France
Only 150,000 of the 800,000 needed was raised throughout the instalments
Clear resentment for the subsidy, War in France was not successful proving pointless
1525(Amicable Grant): More revenue needed to support Henry to attack vulnerable France
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Parliament refuse to raise extraordinary revenue
Causes near rebellion in East Anglia of 20,000 men
Henry had to abandon the grant, whilst the revenue was not collected
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BOP:
-Collected: £322,099 in subsidies. 240,000 in clerical taxes. 260,000 in forced loans.
-Gov Expenditure: 1.7 million between 1509-1520.
• Church
-
As Papal Legate, Wolsey had more power than the Archbishop of Canterbury
Enforced wide spread corruption within the church, Personal examples being
Wolsey lack of celibacy whilst he continued with his non-residence.
Dissolved 30 religious houses in order to raise funding for colleges at Oxford
and Ipswitch.
Churchmen beginning to take orders from the crown
Nonresidence
Pluralism
Church
Corruption
Simony
- Enclosure
-
dNepotism
Lack of
celibacy
Wordliness
Wolsey wished to stop illegal enclosure: where people were fencing off the
‘common land’ in order to keep sheep/stock and make a considerable profit.
1517: National enquiry. Those found guilty of enclosure were sent to court and
ordered to rebuild buildings and restore land for arable purposes.
264 landowners. 222 came to court. 188 clear verdicts. (e.g.: Thomas Moore)
Failure. Enclosure continues and rural poverty worsens.
Reasons supporting that Wolsey
served the king well
Foreign Affairs
Personality and Positions of
• Treaty of London 1518- 20
Power
powers signed, brought fame
• Wolsey was the son of a
to Henry and ended English
butcher this meant that he
isolation.
wasn’t respected by nobles
• Treaty of Bruges 1521- Short
therefore Wolsey dependant
term failure however after
on Henry for power.
1525 it created an alliance
• Wolsey’s attitude towards
with Charles V with the
the nobility aided Henry’s
marriage of him to Mary.
power by decreasing the
power of over mighty nobles.
Law and Order
• Use of Star Chamber
Finance and Parliament
increased to 120 per year to
• National survey 1522 and
punish nobles for Henry’s
Subsidy 1523 provided Henry
Annulment
benefit eg. Duke of
with money to invade
• Found the Leviticus
Buckingham 1521 reduced the
Northern France.
argument ‘If a man shall
risk of a rebellion.
• Reduced the amount of
take his dead brothers wife
people in Parliament eg.
they shall remain childless’
William Compton which
reduced expenditure.
Reasons supporting that Wolsey
Didn’t serve henry well
Law and Order
• Punishment of nobles
increased, Wolsey’s power
overshadows Henry.
• Overflow tribunals,
unpopularity of Wolsey’s
actions created negative
attention.
Personality and Positions of
Power
• Arrogant and
ostentatious- Hampton
court hath pre-eminence.
• Didn’t use papal legate
powers well 1518+annulment, praemunire.
Foreign Affairs
Annulment
• League of Cognac 1526 and Treaty • Annulment failed due
of Amiens 1527 were anti-Hasburg
to weaknesses of the
this wasn’t a good idea when
argument eg. Book of
trying to secure annulment as
Deuteronomy.
Charles had sacked Rome.
• Campeggio delayed
• Peace of Cambrai 1529- England
hearing and was
failed to gain anything from it led
moved to Rome.
to Wolsey’s fall from power.
• Eight years peace 1514-1522
didn't fulfil Henry’s military desire
eg. Field of Cloth and Gold 1520.
Finance and Parliament
• Amicable Grant 1525- Henry
had to cancel it which was
humiliating and didn’t raise
enough money for the war.
• Wolsey’s personal power after
Eltham Ordinances and
parliament dismissal ‘alter
rex’. The Kings lack of advisors
was concerning.
Causes of the break with Rome.
Love
Money
Power
Henry had fallen out of love
with Catherine of Aragon and
realised he was most likely not
going to get a male heir
because of her age and
miscarriages she had had
before. Henry used the excuse
that Catherine was before
married to his brother, Arthur,
and that the marriage was a sin
and demanded a divorce from
the Pope.
The demand for the divorce
was also influenced by the
Boleyn faction. Henry loved
Anne Boleyn, another reason
for the divorce. However, the
Pope did not grant the divorce,
and Henry knew that if he
wanted to have his annulment
he would need to break away
from the Catholic church.
The dissolution of the monasteries began in
1534 and was lead by Cromwell. It began with
the Act of First Fruits and Tenths, which taxed
the church. They were taxes previously paid to
the Pope when a person was appointed, and
then one tenth of their income every year. The
Act of Supremacy allowed Henry to supervise
and reform all religious establishments in
England.
In 1535 Cromwell sent out the Valor
Ecclesiasticus to find out the value of the
monasteries. In 1536 the Act for the Dissolution
of Smaller Monasteries closed all religious
houses with lands valued at under £200 per
year. In 1539 the Act of Dissolution of Larger
Monasteries was passed which closed all
religious houses, except from chantries. The
Court of Augmentations was established in
1540, which handled property income from the
dissolved monasteries.
Gold from the monasteries went to the crown,
and so did valuables within them. Statues were
defaced, and leftovers (such as valuable building
materials) were left to citizens to loot. Some
monasteries were left to crumble into ruin.
Henry’s power was constantly
under threat due to the Pope’s
superiority and support within
England. In 1528 William
Tindale published “Obedience
of Christian Men” which said
that the Pope is superior to the
King.
The Pope was also appointing
bishops that Henry did not
want, and while the Pope still
had influence over England,
Henry’s power would not be
fully established.
The Role of Anne Boleyn
Why was the Boleyn faction a key part in
Wolsey’s fall?
Anne wanted Henry to divorce Catherine of Aragon.
Henry expected Wolsey to succeed in this because of
his work ethic and his position as Cardinal
Henry was convinced by Anne that Wolsey was
conspiring to delay the divorce, this is because he did
not want to go through the political inconvenience of
putting a wife aside who was liked by the public.
Anne was very popular and had many followers in her
court, and she also had support in Parliament. She was
friends with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas
Cranmer, who secretly married Henry and Anne in
1533 after she fell pregnant.
How did her religion affect Wolsey?
Although Anne Boleyn was raised Catholic, she was a
supporter of the Protestantism in England. She supported
the reformation and this aided Henry’s split from the
Pope and move religion to the Church of England.
Anne was able to influence Henry into filling the Privy
Council with reformers. By 1528, the Privy Council had
been filled with reformists who wished to see changes in
the church.
The Anne Boleyn faction constantly fed Henry antiWolsey propaganda, however Anne only joined the
faction in 1533, when he failed to annul Catherine
and Henry’s marriage. Anne’s father was Thomas
Boleyn, the first Earl of Wiltshire and her mother
was Lady Elizabeth Howard. Her Uncle was Duke of
Norfolk, Thomas Howard; he was an important
member of Henry’s court. These powerful people
were a great influence on the Anne Boleyn faction,
as they had status and power that could be
exploited to take advantage of the dislike of
Wolsey.
Consequences of the Royal Supremacy
Wealth
Power
 The Act of Annates
 The Act of Supremacy
allowed money that
passed in 1534 made
used to be paid to the
Henry the supreme
Pope by bishops to
head of the church of
now be taken by Henry.
England. It gave him
 The Act of First Fruits
the power to appoint
and Tenths made
bishops.
Henry the head of the  The submission of the
church. The church had
clergy gave Henry
to pay money to him
secure power over
and 10% of their
England.
income goes to him.
Succession
 The Act of Succession
declared the marriage
with Catherine of
Aragon as illegal. Mary
was made an
illegitimate hair
(‘bastardised’). Anne
Boleyn's marriage to
Henry became legit
and her child was now
the heir to the throne.
Changes to Government
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•
•
‘King-in-Parliament’ instead of ‘King and
Parliament’.
Cromwell chose to use parliament in ways his
predecessors never had. He needed the status
of statute law to strengthen his changes in the
church and government.
Government contained representatives of the
political nation, meaning any changes it enacted
were likely to be implemented smoothly.
Thomas Cromwell model of government created
departments which received money from prespecified sources –no overlapping – paid out
money for reasons that had to be sanctioned
first.Each department was rigorously audited.
New financial institutes- the Court of
Augmentations, the Court of General Surveyors,
the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the
Court of Wards, were created alongside the
Privy Chamber to manage Henry’s income from
the Church following the dissolution of the
monasteries and the break with Rome.
•
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•
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A major reform introduced by
Cromwell=Privy Council.
Before- council had existed that was made
up of up to 100 men to advise the King
but very few of them ever attended and
the system usually ended up with one
strong man dominating, such as Wolsey.
Privy Council made up of twenty menspecifically chosen to have responsibility
for the day-to-day running of government.
The ability of these men and the
exclusivity of the Privy Council meant that,
in theory, no individual could dominate it,
as the men in the Council should have
been more than able to ‘hold their own’.
The ‘Tudor Revolution’
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Some believe that Cromwell brought about a revolution that modernised the
style of government from medieval ‘personal monarchy’ to a bureaucratic one,
with trained officials and departments for specialised undertakings.
Debate about whether there was a constitutional, political and bureaucratic
revolution(Elton) or if government remained essentially personal and the
developments were just recognitions of what was already happening(critics).
The Act in Restraint of Appeals suggested England was an independent
political body and a single,unitary state with all the power derived from the
monarch. This is however a contrast with the reality of 1533, as parts of
England held liberties and the King was subject to the Popes views on matters
of religious doctrine.
To deal with this, an Act of Union with Wales in 1536 reorganised local
government in the principality and an Act of Liberties and Franchises removed
the special powers of regional nobles .
Cromwell's aim was to provide consistent application of the law, not merely to
limit the power of magnates.
Henry VIII’s Early Foreign Policy 1509-1529
Key
Black= Overview
Green = Successes
Red = Failures
1510
1510
1513
1512
Renewal of Treaty of
Formation of the Holy
Battle
of Spurs
Invasion of South West
Etaples -Continuation of
League
A
fight
between
the French
Francepeace with France.
- Established peace
and English. England
England prove their
England made peace with
between major European
captured two towns (Tournai
strength invading. Sending
their biggest enemy and
countries. It made an antiand Therouanne) and they
10,000 troops which
earned a pension. However it
French alliance between
received pension. But it
increases their image but it
only lasted 2 years and he
major countries. However it
became clear the French
was a wasted outcome and
missed an opportunity to side
was used by Spain to
were extremely powerful
Ferdinand used it as a
with Spain as well.
create a distraction.
enemies.
distraction.
1517
1519
1518
1516
1514
Treaty of Cambrai
Charles elected
Deaths of Louis and
Treaty of
Peace with France and
- England are left out of
as HRE
Ferdinand
London
Mary and Louis XII
this treaty. It establishes
- He had control
- Francis I took over the
marriage alliance
peace between HRE and
over many
throne from Louis
Establishes
-The
alliance established
France. Also the Duke of
countries
creating
a
big
threat
to
peace but the marriage
general
Albany stirs up trouble
including the
Henry and Ferdinand's
was
short-lived as Louis
European
between Scotland and
HRE.
son pursued a French
died
(1516) leaving
peace.
England on Francis’
1520
alliance.
England isolated.
1525
1526
command.
The Field of Cloth of Gold
Battle
of
Pavia
1522-23
League of Cognac
- A meeting held between
- Fought between Charles V and
Invasion of Northern
- Anti-Hasburg treaty
Francis and Henry. Good
France but England joined in.
France
concerned with Charles’
relations were reinforced.
One of the de la Pole brothers
- English armies invade
power. It was put together
But it cost £15,000, nothing
was killed which was good for
France. Campaigns gained
by the Pope to counter
was achieved, Henry lost a
Henry but he showed his lack of
little but proved costly.
balance excessive power
wrestling match bruising his
strategic awareness, was obliged
Parliament were reluctant
in Italy. However it led to
ego and conflict arose
to
back
down
and
Charles
to grant the extraordinary
the emergence of the
between Francis I and
repudiated his marriage to
revenue to cover costs.
‘King’s Great Matter’
Charles V.
1529
Princess
Mary
.
because of Charles.
Points to consider
Peace
of
Cambrai
• There is far more red than green
A peace treaty between major European countries . Ended wars between
on the whole
France, HRE and Italy. The French gave up their ambitions. However in
• There is more red towards the
the short term England were left out of the treaty keeping them isolated
middle and nearing the end
and in the long term it meant Henry couldn’t get his divorce so had a
opposed to the beginning of his
negative impact on England as a whole.
foreign policy
START
END
Overall
Success/Failure?
Key Words in foreign policy
1509-1529
Henry’s early foreign policy
was ultimately a failure
because the two last
components of it i.e. The
League of Cognac and the
Peace of Cambrai.
-
Consequences
The League of Cognac and
the Peace of Cambrai
treaties especially meant that
Henry couldn’t get his divorce
from Catherine of Aragon
because of the role of
Charles V which led to the
Break with Rome and the
Reformation. Furthermore it
Countries
also meant that England
Involved
remained a relatively minor
power in Europe because- France
their alliances kept falling- Spain
Italy
apart.
-
Holy Roman
Empire
Alliance- Marriage
Peace - Cost (Money)
Power
Control
Conflict
The King’s Great Matter
Henry VIII’s
Early
Foreign
Policy
1509-1529
(continued)
DOQ (Depends on Question)
- Time
Henry’s early foreign policy
became more unsuccessful
towards the end. So your
DOQ in exams could be the
time the question includes if
Themes in Henry’s foreign
policy
-
Wars
Alliances
Peace (Treaties)
Propaganda (i.e. The
Field of Cloth of Gold)
Countries
Biggest Success
1513 Battle of Spurs
England captured two
towns (Tournai and
Therouanne) and they also
received pension. This
improved their control over
some parts of France and
meant they got more
money.
Worst Failure
1529 Peace of Cambrai
In the short term England
were left out of the treaty
keeping them isolated but
in the long term it meant
Henry couldn’t get his
Key
Red= Henry’s aims Henry
condensed.
Events (in order)
VIII’s Early Foreign Policy 1509-1529 – Henry’s aims for each event
Henry’s aims
Renewal of Treaty of Etaples
Continue the peace between England and France, as France could invade England easily if not.
Formation of the Holy League
Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a
superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak.
Invasion of South-West
France
Henry was obsessed with being a ‘Warrior King’ and so was devoted to going to war to establish
himself. He wanted to prove that England were undefeatable.
Battle of Spurs
Henry wanted to claim parts of France so he could gain more power for England.
Peace with France and Mary
and Louis XII marriage
Henry’s aim was to re-establish peace again with France and secure this by marrying his daughter
to sustain the alliance.
Deaths of Louis and
Ferdinand
Henry’s aim here would be to make sure he stayed allies with France as the new ruler (Francis I)
threatened England’s position.
Treaty of Cambrai
This withdrew the idea of holding a balance of power which meant Henry’s aims grew towards
securing England’s isolated position elsewhere.
Treaty of London
Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a
superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak.
Charles elected as HRE
Henry’s aim was to now form an alliance with Charles as he had control over a lot of land including
the Netherlands, Spain and the HRE. This would benefit England.
The Field of Cloth of Gold
Meant that England could once again reinforce its relations with other countries however Henry
failed and bruised his ego instead.
Invasion of Northern France
Henry aimed to prove England’s strength and use the invasion as a means of propaganda in
favour of England.
Battle of Pavia
Aimed to show that England would make good allies by joining in on another countries battle.
However Henry did the opposite highlighting his lack of strategy.
League of Cognac
Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a
superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak.
Peace of Cambrai
England were left isolated in this event and so Henry’s aim of holding balance of power failed.
Therefore his aim was to look elsewhere for a balance of power.
LATER FOREIGN POLICY
By Victoria
LATER FOREIGN POLICY
Protestant allies
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The 1530’s consisted of a constant threat to the
South-East of Europe from the Ottoman Empire.
Cromwell ignore this threat and only focused on
controlling the English Church.
England failed to gain an ally against the Catholic
countries which they needed.
Henry’s divorce of Catherine angered Emperor
Charles V so the most suitable ally was France
however, this was not created.
England then faced huge threats from an alliance of
two catholic nations, who had the Pope’s support.
Due to this threat Henry insisted on publishing the Six
Articles in June 1539.
Cromwell arranged a marriage between the King and
Anne however, Henry proved to be very dissatisfied
with her appearance. They divorced a year later,
ending the German alliance.
SCOTLAND
1540-47
 Henry failed to negotiate a agreement with
James V which would have secured
England’s security.
 Henry was humiliated in the process.
 Henry once against tried to strengthen
England with Scotland by the marriage of
Edward, his son, to Mary. However, this was
another failure known as the Treaty of
Greenwich.
 The Earl of Hertford carried out raids on the
border regions which became known as
‘rough wooing’ of Scotland.
Overall, Henry did prevent Scotland and France from attacking him, however, this was
a costly process which effected the rest of the Tudor reign.
LATER FOREIGN POLICY
Ireland
 Ireland always posed some involvement with Henry’s foreign
policy. Henry saw them as a danger and rebellious.
 This is due to the Irish leading family (Fitzgeralds) had
supported Simnel and Burgundy.
 The control Henry had over Ireland was very limited.
 Thomas Fitzgerald led a rebellion against England when Henry
became head of Church but this was soon crushed.
 To prevent further attacks Henry used royal authority to
spread principles of English common law across the country.
Analysis of H8’s later foreign policy.
•
1. Comeback on Break with Rome – 1534
Not really.
Luck – Charles concerned with Ottomans
• 2. League of Schmalkalden – 1531
German states supporting Lutheranism
Failure – mutual mistrust
• 3. 1536 – Pressure reduced on H8
Luck – Death of C of A. Exec’n of AB. Charles = happier, + he was fighting Francis I
• 4. 1538 – Henry is weaker.
Excuses; Ch & Fr signed Treaty of Nice. Pope Paul III excommunicated H8. Tried to get support
from Fr and Scot for invasion. Led to Act of 6 Articles.
Success – no invasion
• 4a. 1540 – Seeking Protestant allies.
Failure – Marriage to A of C. League of Schmalkalden ineffective again.
Analysis cont….
•
5. 1542 – Invasion of Scotland
Success. Defeat of Scots at Solway Moss
• 6. Treaty of Greenwich – 1543. Betrothal of Edward to M,Q of S.
Failure – Scot. Parlt. Refused to ratify. Led to raid by Earl of Hertford on Edinburgh, Leith and St.
Andrews
• 7. Analysis of policy towards Scotland
Failure – Should have forced home success militarily in 1542.
• 8. 1544 – Attack on France.
Success – Alliance with Ch. V. Captured Boulogne.
Failure – Ch V made sep peace with Fr. Unsuccessful besieging of Montreuil.
• 9. 1545 – French revenge
Failure. Fr landed on Isle of Wight. Fr sent troops to Scotland. England lost at Ancrum Moor.
Mary rose sank.
Success – Fr failed to recapture Boulogne
Luck – Fr didn’t invade N. England with Scot.
• 10. It all ended happily ever after – or did it?
Success – Peace in 1546
Failure – Cost!! Led to debasement and inflation.
Society – Poor law, impacts of the dissolution
of the monasteries and religious upheaval
Lead to
Impacts of the
Dissolution of the
monasteries
Dissolution of the
monasteries
Benefiters:
•
Kings and nobilities;
They gained great
amount of wealth. (
total value of the
dissolution amounted
to 10% of the entire
wealth of the nation)
They sold of
monasteries to raise
money and the lad was
sold at full market
value.
Nobles brought their
property to strengthen
their existing regional
holdings.
Lead
to
•
•
•
Religious
upheaval
The closure of these strongholds
held the possibility that a return
to Catholicism in England was
unlikely.
Influential people opposed the
divorce of Henry VIII such as Sir
Thomas More
Many monks also preached
against the divorce after the
dissolution of the monasteries
Losers:
•
Lead to-
Inhabitants of the monasteries and
local communities around them;
The services they provided to local
people became limited
Monks and nuns lost their work
Library's had been demolished and
their books been destroyed
And…
The Pilgrimage of Grace(late 1536- early 1537)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Worst uprising of Henry VIII’s reign. Major threat to the government as those in rebellion
weren't just common people.
Result of the dissolution of the monasteries two rebellions broke out, one in Lincolnshire and
one in Yorkshire.
Began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 1536 and lasted from 2nd to the 18th. The
rebellion in Lincolnshire was easily dealt with, because it lacked leaders of any quality. 50
rebels were executed.
Yorkshire – led by the lawyer Robert Aske. Got together army of 30,000 men, against Henry
8,000 men (King’s forces were hopelessly outnumbered. Soldiers lacked equipment). They
adopted a banner showing the five wounds of Christ. Aske wanted no killing or stealing.
40,000 men were involved in the uprising overall
October 24th, Aske and his army had captured York, and were joined by the Archbishop of
York, and Thomas Darcy, a powerful local Baron.
The Pilgrimage of Grace made the demands some of which was the return of the Pope's
power in England and the removal of Cromwell from power.
Henry knew he couldn’t win in a battle so had to stall Aske. He sent Thomas Howard, the
Duke of Norfolk to discuss terms with Aske. He agreed to all the demands that Aske made
saying that nobody who took part in the rebellion would be punished.
A few days later, Henry met Aske and said that Aske could have everything he wanted so long
as the Aske's followers went back to their homes. Henry lied and when Aske dismissed his
army, and then Henry acted by sending his army into Yorkshire.
Aske was captured and held in prison for 6 months then hanged.
Over 200 rebels including some monks were hanged. The other leaders were also executed.
The pilgrimage achieved nothing and received no support from other parts of the country.
Henry VIII economy
Trade
• Volume of English trade increased during first half of 16th century- continued rise in cloth exports, but market for
raw wool declined.
•
An increasing proportion of exported cloth was routed through London.
•
Caused a negative impact on other ports, especially Bristol and east-coast ports such as Hull and Boston.
•
Southampton enjoyed a boom, especially in trade with Venice, but it was short-lived and over by the middle
century.
•
Increase in cheaper fabrics such as kersey ( a coarse woollen cloth which was lighter than the traditional English
broadcloth and which took its name from the village of kersey in Suffolk).
•
70% of cloth exports were transported by english merchants from the 1550’s, much of the trade was in foreign
hands before this.
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Woollen industry grew in first half of 16th century in order to keep up with increasing demand.
•
The woollen industry operated largely on domestic basis with children carding the wool, women spinning and men
weaving it.
•
Three areas that saw the greatest growth in the cloth industry were the West Riding of Yorkshire, East Anglia and
parts of the West Country.
•
The work was not always secure and this could lead to poverty.
•
However, serious profits to be made especially by rich and entreuprenurial clothiers who were able to accumulate
wealth and their social status.
Exploration
•
Henry VIII was uninterested in exploration, he did not continue to build on early achievements of
Cabot and the Bristol merchants at end of 15th century.
•
Henry therefore hindered any progression within exploration as other merchants who were
interested in further exploration were not able to gain royal support.
•
Cabot remained in Spain for most of Henry’s reign, he came back when Edward VI took the throne as
on his return to England, Henry VII had died, and Henry VIII showed no interest in pursuing the
exploration further. In 1512, when in Spain with an English mission, Cabot transferred his allegiance
to the Castilian service.
•
Henry’s view on exploration and reluctance to help it to continue and progress would have negatively
affected England. It stopped new ideas and England to grow as a country.
Prosperity and depression
Positive
Negative
John Guy- ‘England was economically healthier, more expansive • Bad harvests led to temporary increases in food prices. Food
and more optimistic under the Tudors than at any time since the
prices almost doubled during Henry VIII’s reign.
John Guy has suggested that this caused problems in particular
Roman occupation’
for urban workers.
Support this view•
• Real wages began to decline for many. This process was at its
worst at the end of Henry’s reign when the effects of
Population began to grow significantly from about 1525 with,
debasement were particularly evident.
allowing for fluctuations, a decline in the rate of mortality.
•
•
From the 1520’s, agricultural prices rose significantly,
therefore there was an increase in farming incomes,
enhanced in some cases by the practice of engrossing (
joining together of two or more farms to make a single
agricultural unit; it could be seen as improving efficiency
and output at the cost of rendering families homeless).
Debasement ( reduction of silver content of coins and its
replacement by base metal; they were regarded with
suspicion and, as a result, merchants and shop keepers put
up their prices which increased the rate of inflation whose
impact was greatest on low wage earners) of the coinage
created a short-term artificial boom in 1544 to 1546, but a
long-term cost to living standards.
• Over ½ of the population of Coventry were recorded as having
no personal wealth. The same was the case for 1/3 of the
population of Yarmouth.
• Evidence of growing unemployment amongst rural labourers,
many moved to towns and cities.
• There were over 5000 migrants a year adding to the population
of London.
• Some people made homeless on account of engrossing
through its extent and effects are difficult to determine and
legislation regarding the problem was ineffective.
Religion Under Henry VIII
Religion in 1529 and Build Up to the Break with Rome
It was in 1529 that Henry decided to intensely pressure the clergy in England and Pope
Clement into allowing him the divorce. He did this by restricting the influence of the
Catholic Church in England, as a method to threaten a break.
- However, Henry was very reluctant to break with Rome, having written the ‘In Defence of
the Seven Sacraments’ defending the Pope’s religious authority and being a strong
Catholic himself. This is obvious because Henry delayed the Act of Annates (1532) by a
year and it was only implemented with the King's approval.
o Thomas Cromwell – He was a reformer who believed that changes in religion should be
used to perfect religion and was highly critical of people who saw reforms as purely way to
achieve the annulment or get power for themselves. HE gained Henry’s favour after he
depicted Richard III as a murderous and evil tyrant. In 1529, he became a member of
Parliament and in 1531, he became a member of the Royal Council and in charge of the
King’s ‘Great Matter.’
o Influence of Anne Boleyn – Anne and her family were very Protestant, and she used her
position to show Henry Protestantism as a method for him to increase his power and get his
annulmnt. She did this by introducing him to Tyndale’s ‘Thhe Obediance of the Christian
Man’, which stated that the king was in charge of the country and the Pope had no real
influence on how the country was run.
Religion Under Henry VIII
The Break with Rome
1532 – The
Supplication Against
the Ordinaries
1532 –The Submission of
the Clergy
Feb 1533 –The Act in Restraint of
Appeals
A survey conducted
by Cromwell, were
he tried to find out
how much the
Church’s land was
worth, and the
abuses of the
Church, which was
really just
accusations.
This was the point after
Henry ‘pardoned’ the
clergy for supporting
Wolsey and his abuse of
power, where they
made a compromise
where the English clergy
said that Henry was the
head of Church ‘as far
as good would allow’.
In February, one month after Henry’s
secret marriage to Anne, the Act in
Restraint of Appeals was passed.
Which allowed a trial to be held for
the annulment, which didn’t allow
Catherine to appeal to the Pope for
help. The trial was held under
Archbishop Cranmer and the verdict
was that Catherine and Arthur’s
marriage was consummated making
Henry and Catherine’s marriage void.
1532 – The Act of
Annates
1532 – Cranmer
becomes Archbishop of
Canterbury
June 1533 –
Anne was
crowned
After the death of
Warham’s death, Henry
suggested reformer
bishop, Cranmer for the
position of Archbishop of
Canterbury. Cranmer
was a loyal servant to
Henry first, and a religious
leader second.
Anne was
crowned
queen and
she gave
birth to
Elizabeth in
September.
Taxes paid to the
Pope by the country
were instead paid to
Henry. This made
Henry appear more
in control and put
pressure on the Pope
and the Church to
give Henry want he
wanted.
1534 – Royal Supremacy
by Act of Parliament
Acknowledged Henry as
Head of the Church, along
with all the rights, as if he
held the right all along. It
also included the Treason
Act, so denying him was
punishable by death.
Religion Under Henry VIII
Impact of Reformation on Europe
Before the Reformation:
o Anti-clericalism wasn’t new at all, it just wasn’t a very popular movement.
o Ideas stemmed from Luther, who was a Catholic, who still believed in the essence and
basic religion, but was horrified by the abuses that were seemingly instilled in the Catholic
faith.
o The main difference was that Protestants believed more in tolerance and that religion was
between man and God, and not the symbols that got in the way.
Europe, being mainly Catholic, was horrified by England’s sudden change in religion. So
when Henry started to make allies after the Reformation, Henry had to revert to Catholicism
slightly in the form of the Six Articles, 1539, which removed the most of the reforms. Even
though, England did go back to the reforms, it demonstrated Europe’s attitude towards the
Reformation and how Henry had to do what they wanted in order to get their support.
·
Causes for the dissolution of the
monasteries:
Corruption,
abuses and
decline ???
Gave Henry a reason for
dissolving the
monasteries
Excuse? – was corruption
more than that in the
clergy
Some monasteries
empty - fewer than 12
monks
Had servants to
manage day to day
running and
accumulated luxuries –
spending money
received from their
rented lands on alcohol
and feasts – NOT a
simple lifestyle
Rumors of not
following laws of
Chasity
Income
Cromwell’s Valor
Ecclesiasticus survey in
1535 showed that
monasteries were
extremely wealthy
Support of the
nobility
Seizure of land could be
distributed to the nobility
to buy their support
Removal of
resistance
Symbol of roman
Catholicism
Potentially 2x the crown
income
Additional property
(30% land)
Constant reminders of the
catholic church – despite the
oath potential centers of
resistance for royal
supremacy
Against
Protestant
theology
One of the jobs of the
monasteries and chanceries
was to “ pray for the
salvation of souls” against
protestant theology of
individual faith in god
Own idea
Needed money to
fund wars and
maintain lavish
lifestyle
Process of the dissolution of the monasteries:
• Act of First Fruits and Tenths
1534
• Allowed Henry 8 to tax the church. Used to pay the pope. (First Fruits) when a person was appointed to a position and
then 1/10 of their income every year.
• Act of Supremacy
1534
• Parliment acknowledge Henry 8 as the supreme head of the Church of England
• Valor Ecclesiasticus "value of the church"
1535
• Cromwell sends commissionars to survey the value of monastic lands and properties and a report is to be produced "VE"
• Act for the dissolution of the smaller monastries
1536
• Based on VE findings. Parliment passed the Act - Closed all religious houses with lands valued under £200 - New
commisonars were sent out to supervise these closures
• Act for the dissolution of larger monastries
1539
• Extending the closeure to all religious houses except chanceries
• By 1540 all religious houses dissolved
• Court of Augmentations
1540
• Richard Rich - Chancellor
• Court to handle the property and (wealth) income from the dissolved monastries and redistribute this
The effects of the dissolution of the monasteries
Positives:
 Protestants – Closure of the strongholds of the catholic ritual dealt a great blow to the possibility of the
return of Catholicism to England.
 Money – 10% of the entire wealth of the kingdom – all came to Henry in one great transfer in the 1530’s
 Growth of the lesser gentry – Held monastic lands as a way of establishing their presence in local
community – change in society from traditional ruling elite to a more widely-based ruling class
 Henry VIII – had the money to fulfil his ambitious foreign policy
 Nobility – Gained land – more loyal to Henry – Gain his support
Negatives:
 Monasteries – valuables confiscated and melted down even the lead from the roofs / sold of too
become houses for the wealthy or were crumbling ruins
 Libraries – Books held by learning monasteries – sons and daughters of well off families may go to
receive part of their education – Books taken by private collects or burned
 Monks – lost their work and accommodation – Compensation in form of pensions or one off payments –
wealthier you were more likely you were to receive (friars and nuns didn’t get much) - 1/5 managed to
secure other paid pensions within the church
 Money – Did little to help the monarchy’s financial independence
 Land – Henry had sold more than ½ of the monastic land at full market value in the years 1543 -1547crown lost control of these lands and the possibility of collecting taxes from these lands in the future
 Peasants – monasteries helped ordinary people e.g. “pray for the dead” gave hospitality
Differences in the catholic church and the protestant church:
Roman Catholic
X
Protestant
Lectern (minister read the bible from the
lectern)
Statues
X
Stain glassed windows
X
X
Chalice (Small ornate cup wine drank from)
10 commandments on the wall in English
Flagon (Jug everyone drinks from)
Alter (ornate- gold/ silver) where the
miracles take place
Rood screen (special area)
Wooden table (nothing special takes place
there)
X
White wafer
Bread
X
X
Coat of Arms
Pulpit (where preaching occurs)
Reasons
Protestants believed you had contact
with God through reading the bible
(reading religion)
Protestants believed you should not
worship idol images
Roman Catholic services in Latin images
used to explain the service and to help
people understand. Protestants believed
images/pictures were distracting
Reading religion to remind church goers
RC- ‘Communion in one kind” – only
priest drink wine and blood of Christ
(contact with god)
P- “communion in both kinds” everyone
drinks the wine and has the bread
Separates the congregation from the
priest where the miracles take place
White wafer – special as turns into the
body of Jesus
Monarch is head of the Church
Important in Protestantism
Protestantism – CONSUBSTANTIATION – no miraculous change – you eat and drink to remember Jesus
Catholicism – TRANSUBSTANTIATION - miracle that happens when one takes the bread it
becomes the body of Christ – change of state
The extent of religious change in the
1530s
Doctrines at the end of H8 reign
Rise of the Howard Family –
1538-40: 4/10
• Head of the family Duke
of Norfolk, was largely
responsible for getting
parliament to agree to
the SAA (1539)
• Enough for 2 reforming
bishops Latimer +
Shaxton to resign.
1
Role of Stephen Gardiner
4/10
• Bishop of Winchester
• Conservative (but did
support the break with
Rome) & one of the
King’s secretaries
• Wrote a pamphlet as
propaganda to defend
the Church from
Protestant heresy with
the title ‘De Ver
Obedientia’ (’True
Obedience’.)
• Wives to husbands,
servants to masters
• “All must obey the
ruler whom God put in
authority over them”
The fall of Cromwell- 28 July 1540: 3/10
• Failure to manage the King’s marital
affairs / enforce the Six Articles Act
• Key Protestant reformer
• Conservatives: increased access to the
king through the marriage of
Catherine Howard (same day as
Cromwell’s execution)
Act of Six Articles – June 1539:
2/10
• Reasserted Catholic
doctrine
• Denial of transubstantiation
seen as heretical
• Confirmed private masses
• Banned the marriage of
priests
• Banned the taking of
communion in both kinds
(Protestant)
5/10
Main doctrines remained catholic:
• Only clergy could received both
the bread and the wine
• Belief of transubstantiation
• All the seven Catholic sacraments
remained in force
Some Protestantism:
• Great Bible of 1539 authorised E
version and replaced the Latin
version
• No. of saint days reduced to 25
The Bishops Book July 1537: 5/10
• Restored the four
‘lost’ sacraments,
though stated to
be of a lesser value
• No discussion of
transubstantiation
• Special status of
priests were
understated
Role of Catherine Parr:
6/10
• Close to the Seymour
family
• Protestant
sympathiser
• Gathered P scholars
around her at court
and allowed them to
manage the education
of Edward &Elizabeth
• Ensured Edward &
Elizabeth were both
firmly in favour of P
Role of Anne Boleyn: 6/10
• Advocate of Church reform
• Drew Henry’s attention to
the work of Tyndale (1st
English translation of the
bible based on his work)
• Protected heretics e.g.
Forman
• Encouraged appointment of
reformers to positions of
power & influence e.g.
Latimer + Shaxton to
Bishop’s posts and Cramner
to Archbishop of
Canterbury,1532
The Ten Articles - July 1536: 6/10
• Only 3 Sacraments [Instead of 7 in catholic
doctrine], baptism, penance and Eucharist,
were seen as necessary to salvation
(Protestant) but the definition of Eucharist was
ambitious
• Confession (Catholic) was praised.
• Praying to saints for remission of sins was
rejected (Protestant) but praying to saints for
other purposes was still seen as ‘laudable’
• Sig: ambiguous document which showed both
protestant & catholic influences on the
development of doctrine
Role of Cromwell: 8/10
• Managed campaign for reform in
parliament
• Issued Ten Articles of Faith –
“devised by the King’s highness’s
majesty to establish Christian
quietness and unity”
• Appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals
(Jan 1535) – second only to King and
outranked Archbishops (evidence to
the swing to reformist influence
over Henry)
• Masterminded the dissolution of the
monasteries- Valor Ecclesiasticus
survey in 1535, Act for dissolution of
monasteries
Royal Injunctions –
August 1536: 6.5/10
• Issued by Cromwell
to the Clergy
• Ordering the clergy
to:
1. Defend the Royal
Supremacy in
sermons
2. Abandon
pilgrimages
3. Give money for
educational
purposes to teach
children the Lord’s
Prayer, the 10
commandments
and other scripture
10
Translation of the Bible –
August 1537: 8/10
• “Matthew Bible”
• English translation
• Based on the work of
Tyndale
• Distinctly protestant
version
• 1538: a royal proclamation
ordered that a copy should
be placed in every parish
church.
Dissolution of the monasteries: 7/10
• ‘Valor Ecclesiasticus’ survey 1535 –
wealth and conditions of the church
• Dissolution of lesser monasteries (Feb
1536) those worth under £200
• Dissolution of Greater monasteries
(June 1539) – land passed to crown
Summary of the extent of religious change in the 1530’s
P
Dissolution of
the Greater
Translation of
MonasteriesRoyal Injunctionsthe Bible -August June
Role of Cromwell - August
Dissolution of
the Lesser
monasteries Feb The 10 Articles –
Role of AB
appointments
July
Role of Catherine
Parr Married July
The Bishops
Book – July
Doctrines at the
end of H8 reign
Rise of the Howard Family:
Specifically DoN and
Catherine Howard
The fall of
Cromwell 28th
July
Marries
Catherine
Howard July
Act of Six Articles
- June
C
153 153 153 153
0
1
2
3
153
4
153
5
153
6
153
7
153
8
153
9
154
0
154
3
154
7
Henry’s final years and the
succession: Factions
Leanna and Charlotte
Factions during Henry vii reign.
Rivalry was mainly between Reformist and conservatives factions but they Boleyn and Aragonese
and White Rose were some other evident factions throughout his reign.
Anti- reformation. Against the divorce. – conservative
Pro- reformation. Wanted Anne as Queen. – Boleyn
Supported Catherine as queen. Upheld traditional religious views.- Aragonese
Pro reformation – Radical reformers/ Evangelicals
Consisted of remaining Yorkist. Aim was to remove henry viii from power.- White Rose
The power struggle –
1539= Act of 6 articles. Strongly favoured the conservatives
1540=
Marriage to Anne of Cleves. Although it was a protestant alliance it was short lived, with a
separation after 3 months and divorce after 6.
Fall of Cromwell – a win for the conservatives although there is evidence to support Henry quickly
regretted his execution.
Marriage to Catherine Howard – meant the conservatives had more access to Henry as she was
the Duke of Norfolk niece. Although the marriage was short lived and she was executed for
treason through adultery in 1542. Although the duke of Norfolk tried to distance himself from
Catherine the incident had serious damage on the conservative group.
Power struggle continued:
1543Conservative (Gardiner) attempt to oust Cranmer but the king rejected the claims and placed Cranmer in
charge of the investigation to the claims which placed the conservatives at a disadvantage.
Catherine Parr married. She was a protestant sympathiser and managed the education of Edward and Elizabeth
raising them as protestants unlike Mary Tudor. This granted huge power to the reformist as it meant the next
heir (Edward) would be protestant.
1546- Catherine Parr implicated for heresy but Henry viii refused to act. This is another sign of strengthened
reformist power.
1546/7 – Earl of Hertford (reformist) gained sway at court after success in a battle Againts Scotland. Meanwhile
Gardiner (conservatives) was excluded from privy chamber. Most importantly Denny (reformist) gained access
to the dry stamp which meant he could legalise any document gaining the reformists huge amounts of power.
1547 – Norfolk was arrested and his son the earl of surrey was executed for outwardly speaking about there
claim to a throne at a uneasy time due to henry ill health and the fact that Edward was under 18 and unable to
rule immediately.
By Henry death the reformist were clearly in power and while keeping Henry death a secret it allowed Edward
Seymour (Duke of Somerset) to place himself Lord protector of Edward and make the regency of 16 largely
dominated by reformists.
The succession act (1544)
•
•
•
•
Introduced to ensure son (Edward VI) had a safe succession
Members from pole family executed
The act was approved by parliament in 1453 , given royal assent 1544
Named Edward as Henrys heir, then Mary, then Elizabeth as next in line to
throne
The succession act and factionalism (1546-47)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reform Faction was dominant towards the end of Henrys reign (Parr survived,
Edward Seymour position at court as well as Edwards uncle and military
commander)
1546- Sir Anthony Denny made chief gentleman of Henrys Privy chamberHuge influence as he could control who came in and out and whether king was
fit enough for visitors (power)
Denny arrest Norfolk and Surrey
Denny given access to dry stamp- HUGE influence, could edit documents
before signing and legalise any document chose (dangerous).
Changed henrys will with use of stamp (Regency council established to rule on
Edwards behalf)
1547- Surrey executed
Henry VIII- An overview
Henry’s reign lasted for 38 years- from 1509 to 1547. When he died in January 1547, his heir,
Prince Edward, was only 9 years old.
Continuity and change during Henry VIII’s reign
Change
Continuity
Government
• Tudor monarchy more powerful- Royal Supremacy, Treason Act
• ‘Tudor revolution’- 4 new courts, power of parlt. increased,
control over country e.g. Act of Union
• Willing to delegate responsibility to others
e.g. Wolsey/ Cromwell
• Importance of Privy Chamber
Foreign
policy
• Initially aggressive- ‘Renaissance warrior’
• Then peaceful & dominated by Break w. Rome
• Final return to aggressive policy e.g. War in France 1540s
• Throughout no clear strategy/ alliance, always dependent on
circumstances- couldn’t compete with Habsburgs/ France in
power/wealth.
Religion
• Break w. Rome- jurisdiction of Pope destroyed
• Dissolution of monasteries- transfer of resources from church to
crown
• Religious culture influenced by humanism
• 6 Articles Act & fall of Cromwell weakened cause of religious
reform- Catholic views still widespread in 1547
• Only approx. 20% Londoners Protestant in 1547
Society
• Rapid population growth from 1525- strain on food/ resources
• Lack of support for religious upheaval = rebellions
• Feudal system still existed: nobles/ gentry/ commoners
Economy
• Debasement of coinage 1544-46 (financial instability)
• 184% increase in price of consumables
• Woolen cloth exports doubled, agricultural prices rose
significantly
• H8 uninterested in exploration- lack of development
Causation
• Many changes due to H8’s character.
• Ruthlessness: often executed for treason.
• Impulsiveness: speed of his marriages,
naïvety in foreign policy (often
unsuccessful).
• Even when H8 wasn’t the direct cause,
others were only able to make changes
due to his willingness to delegate
responsibility.
Significance?
• Most significant were changes in govt. as these dictated role of monarch and also influenced
other factors e.g. debasement was due to need for money for H8’s foreign policy. Without
changes in govt. such as Treason Act, changes to religion couldn’t have been implemented as
smoothly as opposition couldn’t have been controlled to same extent.
• But most of these were due to Cromwell rather than the result of Henry’s work.
• DO: Are we talking about whether the changes were significant for H8/ members of govt. or for
ordinary people? For H8, changes in govt./foreign policy more significant, but for ordinary
people, religion/ society had most impact on lives.