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The Scientific Case For Creation Dr. Heinz Lycklama [email protected] www.osta.com “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton. Overview Origins Models – Creation and Evolution Looking at the Evidence Origin of matter, energy and natural law Classification of biological organisms Mutations and natural selection Origin of man Origin of life (probability) The fossil record Founders of Scientific Disciplines Conclusions @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 2 Origins - Evolution or Creation? “Science is the search for truth” Hypothesis, theory, model, law, or fact? Fact – proven to be true Law – no known exception Theory – testable, falsifiable, based on empirical findings Hypothesis – provisionally explains some fact Model – simplified representation of reality Which is Evolution? Creation? A model – let’s see why … @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 3 Models of Origins We can neither observe nor repeat “origins” Origins “theories” cannot be tested or proven We have two models (not theories) of origins Creation and evolution Models can be compared as to their respective capacities for correlating observable data Evolutionists regard evolution as “a proven fact.” They believe that evolutionism is science and that creationism is religion Evolutionists are unable to prove evolution Thousands of scientists believe in creation @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 4 Evolution Model Cannot be proved: It operates too slowly to be measurable (if it is taking place) The scientific method cannot be used to measure it Small variations in organisms, observed today, are not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between creation and evolution) Dr. Heribert-Nilsson, Director of the Botanical Institute at Lund University, Sweden, said “My attempt to demonstrate evolution by an experiment carried on for more than 40 years has completely failed. … The idea of an evolution rests on pure belief.” (Synthetische Artbildung, 1953). @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 5 Evolution Model - 2 Explains origin, development and meaning of all things in terms of natural laws and processes which operate today as they have in the past No extraneous processes requiring an external agent (i.e. a Creator) are permitted The universe in all respects evolves itself into higher levels of order (particles to people), elements -> complex chemicals -> simple living systems -> complex life -> man @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 6 Creation Model Cannot be proved: Creation is not happening now, so far as can be observed The scientific method cannot repeat creation Cannot ascertain whether creation took place (except through divine revelation) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 7 Creation Model - 2 Involves a process of special creation in the beginning All the basic laws and categories of nature brought into existence by special creative processes which are no longer in operation today Distinct kinds exist today as they have existed in the past Processes of creation replaced by processes of conservation @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 8 Which Model Best Fits The Facts? Creation and Evolution are the only two models of origins Both models should be considered as equal alternatives and evaluated objectively in terms of their relative abilities to correlate and explain scientific data The model that incorporates the most data and has the smallest number of unresolved issues is the most likely to be true @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 9 Looking At The Scientific Evidence Origin of matter, energy and natural law Origin of the solar system Teleology – study of evidences of design in nature, e.g. Anthropic Principle Classification of biological organisms Mutations and Natural Selection (vestigal organs) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 10 The Scientific Evidence - 2 Origin of man Origin of life – probability The fossil record Geologic ages – Uniformitarianism vs. Catastrophism Age of the world (earth/universe) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 11 Origin of Matter, Energy & Natural Law Evolution model predicts: Matter, energy and laws are still evolving Must have evolved in the past since there is no external agent to bring evolution to a stop Systems can evolve to higher levels of complexity Creation model predicts: Basic laws would not now be changing Fundamental nature of matter and energy would not now be changing Finished in the past, conserved in the present Matter should go from order to disorder @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 12 First Cause – Divine or Matter? The First Cause of Limitless Space – must be infinite The First Cause of Endless Time – must be eternal The First Cause of Boundless Energy – must be omnipotent The First Cause of Universal Interrelationships – must be omnipresent The First Cause of Infinite Complexity – must be omniscient The First Cause of Moral Values – must be moral The First Cause of Spiritual Values – must be spiritual The First Cause of Human Responsibility – must be volitional The First Cause of Human Integrity – must be truthful The First Cause of Human Love – must be loving The First Cause of Life – must be living @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 13 Conceptual Systems of Science Cause and Effect - an omnipotent Creator is an adequate cause for all observable effects in the universe Energy Conservation – energy can be converted from one form into another, but can neither be created nor destroyed Classification and Order - table of chemical elements, biological taxonomy, hierarchy of star types. All entities are in a state of flux in the evolution model Processes - all processes are well-defined and orderly. If not, there is no point to scientific study. Creation predicts “purpose” and “meaning” These systems all favor the creation model! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 14 Conceptual Systems of Science - 2 Forces and Fields - types of forces in nature (electromagnetic, gravitational, nuclear and weak) have always acted the same from the beginning. These forces did not evolve Environmental Interdependence – the environment coupled with natural selection constitutes a powerful mechanism to conserve the created kinds and balance of nature Energy Decay – changes always tend to go in a “downward” direction such that there results a net decrease in the “availability” of the converted energy for further useful work These systems all favor the creation model! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 15 The Laws of Nature Everything in the universe is bound by laws Physics, chemistry, mathematics, life, logic Universal constants, planetary motion Laws of nature are uniform throughout the universe Explain the logical orderly state of the universe Consequences of laws of nature Laws require a law-giver Laws of nature are consistent with creation Laws of nature make science possible! “ordinances of heaven and earth” Jer. 33:25 @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 16 Laws of Logic Transcendent truths Depended on by the laws of nature Law of non-contradiction Make reasoning possible Cannot have both “A” and “not A” at the same time and in the same relationship God cannot contradict Himself, Num. 23:19 God is logical Reflect God’s nature Man, created in God’s image, instinctively knows the laws of logic Secularist cannot account for these laws @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 17 More On The Natural Laws The first two laws of thermodynamics are constant: Other constant laws include: The total energy of any system remains the same The entropy of a system increases over time Law of gravity Conservation of momentum Conservation of electric charge Did natural laws evolve? There is no evidence of this Laws of nature are uniform throughout the cosmos @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 18 Classification of Biological Organisms The evolution model predicts: A continuum of all forms of life No classification system would work The creation model predicts: An array of clear, but distinct organisms similar structures for similar functions, e.g. eyes different structures for different functions, e.g. gills for fish, lungs for man Science of taxonomy distinct kinds/species @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 19 The Science of Taxonomy The science of taxonomy is a problem for evolution The classification system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus applies to plants/animals in today’s world as well as to extinct plants and animals A continuum of life forms does not exist Intermediates have not been observed and/or identified in the fossils The classification system introduced by Linnaeus still works today @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 20 Quoting an Evolutionist The anti-creationist, Niles Eldredge, wrote in 1985: “And though a few of these eighteenthcentury systematists had vaguely evolutionary notions, nearly all were devoutly and orthodoxly religious. They saw the order in their material, the grand pattern of similarity running through the entire organic realm, as evidence of God’s plan of creation.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 21 Historical Classification @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 22 Recent Molecular Studies “Comparisons that have been made of proteins, rRNA and genes reveal that creatures that are allegedly close relatives according to the theory of evolution are actually totally distinct from each other. Various studies grouped rabbits with primates instead of rodents, and cows with whales instead of horses.” Elizabeth Pennisi, Science Vol. 284, May 1999 @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 23 Classification Observations What we do see is: Variations within species, e.g. varieties of cats, dogs, cows, horses, mankind No new kinds produced Some species become extinct Like begets like Cambrian fossils reflect today’s classification system Chalk up another one for the Creation Model! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 24 Mutations & Natural Selection Evolution model predicts: Small variations between members of a species would confer differing degrees of advantage or disadvantage in the struggle for existence Those with significant advantages would be favored New and higher types of organisms would emerge A mutation (structural change in a gene) is the source of genetic variation Mutations are primarily beneficial @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 25 Mutations & Natural Selection - 2 Creation model predicts: Variation and natural selection work to assure genetic integrity and to enable the organism to survive in nature Characteristics can be adjusted, within limits, to changes in the environment Mutations are primarily harmful @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 26 Change and Variation What is the more logical inference from our observations? 1. 2. Unlimited change from one kind to another? (Evolution) Limited variation within kinds? (Creation) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 27 Changes Over the Years? 25-million-year-old termite fossils in amber Identical to termites living today Darwin predicted that fossils would show changes in fossil record over the years “It has become abundantly clear that the fossil record will not confirm this part of Darwin’s predictions.” Niles Eldredge, Paleontoligist @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 28 What We See Happening Today Variations within a kind, e.g. peppered moth “evolving” to darker color as tree trunks grew darker with pollutants during industrial revolution Adaptation to the environment for survival Mutations are harmful to the organism Mutations are random and not directed Mutations are rare in occurrence Mutations almost always generate misfits which soon die out @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 29 “Origin of Species” Never Observed All of Darwin’s evidences turn out to be descriptions of creative adaptation, not origin According to Niles Eldridge (1986): “Darwin, it is now become commonplace to acknowledge, never really addressed the ‘origin of species’ in his book of that title.” Darwin never really cited the origin of a new species by natural selection The British evolutionist Colin Patterson noted: “No one has ever produced a species by mechanisms of natural selection. No one has ever gotten near it and most of the current argument in neo-Darwinism is about this question.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 30 On Mutations & Natural Selection The philosopher Janus Koestler noted that: “The public continues to believe that Darwin provided all the relevant answers by the magic formula of random mutations plus natural selection - quite unaware of the fact that random mutations turned out to be irrelevant and natural selections a tautology.” Mutations turn out to be rare events, and most of those are bad They do not lead to improvements in the species, as evolution predicts @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 31 The Origin of Man Evolution model predicts: Molecules -> man Man evolved from an ape Creation model predicts: Man’s appearance has remained largely the same @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 32 Famous “Hominid” Fossils Neanderthal Man – 1856 Java Man – 1891 Piltdown Man – 1908 Nebraska Man – 1922 Ramapithecus – 1930 Lucy - 1974 @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 33 Neanderthal Man Fossil fragments first found in France – 1856 Neanderthal Man’s Site in Krapina, 1899-1999 Another almost complete skeleton found in 1908 Skull cap and some limb bones Diagnosed as human with deformed vertebrae Reconstructed by Marcelle Boule to look ape-like Based on pre-conceived evolutionary notions Faulty reconstruction recognized in 1957 Neanderthal is now known to be fully human with a bone deformity School textbooks still portray as man’s ancestor @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 34 Lucy Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson 40% complete skeleton Dated at 3.5 million years old Evidence: Arm/leg ratio of 83.9 % Hip/pelvis – walked upright Knee joint – walked upright @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 35 Lucy - 2 Digging deeper, we find that: Leg bone broken in two places and one end was crushed -> this invalidates the ratio Hip/pelvis was incomplete, and thus reshaped to make it look as if it walked upright Knee joint was found over one mile away and 200 feet deeper in strata from rest of bones Fossil remains of two different creatures fitted to form a make-believe creature @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 36 Summary of “Hominid” Fossils Neanderthal Man – accepted as homo sapiens Java Man – artificial construct Piltdown Man – proven to be a hoax Nebraska Man – an extinct pig Ramapithecus – an orangutan Lucy – make-believe creature Another one for the Creation Model! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 37 Origin of Life - Probability What is the probability that an explosion in a junk yard would “create” a car? What is the probability of creating a Boeing airplane from such an explosion? What is the probability that 200 monkeys pawing away at a typewriter could “write” a Shakespearean play? What is the probability of a protein coming into being by chance? @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 38 Proteins and Amino Acids Amino acids Proteins - the building blocks of life A few thousand types Right- and left-handed Large organic molecule Contain 100’s to a few 1000 amino acids Specified long sequences of amino acids Contain 20 different left-handed amino acids Crucial protein fact Absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes protein to be useless @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 39 Probability of Forming one Protein Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific order 200! ways of aligning these parts = 10**375 Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20 * 10**18 seconds The probability of finding the right alignment is practically zero, i.e. 1 in 10**356 Anything less than 1 in 10**50 is regarded as zero probability Living organisms contain many more than 200 parts Human being contains 60+ trillion cells Only 10**80 “infinestimal” particles in the whole universe @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 40 How Simple Can Life Be? Cell structure unknown by Darwin Smallest bacteria 482 genes 600 types of proteins 600,000 DNA base pairs Probability of chance formation is zero! Human genome 3,000,000,000 base pairs @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 41 Spontaneous Formation of Life? “The likelihood of the spontaneous formation of life from inanimate matter is one to a number with 40,000 noughts after it. It is big enough to bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution. There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet nor on any other, and if the beginnings of life were not random, they must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence.” Wickramasinghe, professor of applied mathematics and astronomy, UK @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 42 The Fossil Record The theory of evolution is based on two major suppositions: Mutations and natural selection supposedly provided the mechanism The fossil record allegedly proved the “fact” of evolution Fossils should “prove” evolution since the fossil record has long been considered as the main evidence for evolution The creation model predicts that organisms preserved as fossils will correspond to the same classification system as applicable to present-day plants and animals @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 43 Fossil Predictions Evolution model predicts: Many preliminary forms Many transitional forms Randomly distributed gaps between present kinds and transitional forms Basic taxonomic categories should have been evolving Creation model predicts: No preliminary forms No transitional forms Clear gaps between types Same taxonomic categories as at present @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 44 Fossil Record Quotes Darwin admitted in 1859: “Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain.” Paul Moody wrote in a standard textbook: “So far as we can judge from the geologic record, large changes seem usually to have arisen suddenly. ... fossil forms, intermediate between large subdivisions of classification, such as orders and classes, are seldom [read never] found.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 45 Expected Transitional Forms Evolutionists say we should find transitional forms: Single cell to multi-cell creatures Invertebrate to vertebrate Fish to reptile Reptile to bird Ape to man To date no true transitional fossil forms have been discovered @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 46 Fully Formed “It is considered likely that all the animal phyla became distinct before or during the Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed, without intermediates connecting one phylum to another.” Futuyma, Douglas J. 1986. Evolutionary biology. 2d ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 325. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 47 The Fossil Record Summarized Missing links are still missing Different types of “living fossils” found Sudden appearance of fully formed fossils in the “Cambrian Explosion” The same “kinds” still appear today Some species are now extinct No new kinds evolved Supports the Creation Model! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 48 Conclusions Laws of science consistent with Creationism Signs of intelligence in the universe The probability of life from non-life is zero Abrupt appearance of fully-formed animals The missing links are still missing Man did not evolve from apes Catastrophism explains the “geologic column” There is NO credible evidence for evolution! Science supports Creationism @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 49 Scientific Disciplines Established by Bible-Believing Scientists Discipline Scientist Astronomy Johann Kepler (1571-1630) Bacteriology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Chemistry Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Computer Science Dynamics Charles Babbage (17921871) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Electrodynamics Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 50 Scientific Disciplines Established by Bible-Believing Scientists - 2 Discipline Scientist Electromagnetics Michael Faraday (17911867) Natural History John Ray (1627-1705) Oceanography Matthew Maury (1806-1873) Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus (17071778) Thermodynamics Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 51 Thank you for your attention! Dr. Heinz Lycklama [email protected] www.osta.com/creation www.osta.com/apologetics @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 52 Backup Slides @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 53 Basic Predictions of The Models Category Basic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model Galactic universe Galaxies changing Structure of stars Stars changing into other types Stars unchanged Other heavenly bodies Building up Breaking down Types of rock formations Different in different “ages” Similar in all “ages" Appearance of life Life evolving from non-life Life only from life Array of organisms Continuum of organisms Distinct kinds of organisms Appearance of kinds of life New kinds appearing @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama Galaxies constant No new kinds appearing 54 Basic Predictions of The Models - 2 Category Basic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model Mutations in organisms Beneficial Harmful Natural selection Creative process Conservative process Fossil record Innumerable transitions Systematic gaps Appearance of man Ape-human intermediates No ape-human intermediates Nature of man Quantitatively superior to animals Qualitatively distinct from animals Origin of civilization Slow and gradual Contemporaneous with man @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 55 The Laws of Physics Describe behavior of universe at its most fundamental level How the universe operates today How light propagates How energy is transported How gravity operates How mass moves through space Mathematical in nature F = ma E = mc**2 [acceleration of mass] [conservation of energy] @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 56 The Laws of Physics - 2 Universal constants Strength of fundamental forces, e.g. gravity Mass of fundamental particles, e.g. electron Electromagnetic coupling constant makes molecules possible Anthropic Principle Laws of physics fine-tuned for human life Derived laws of physics and chemistry @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 57 Laws of Chemistry Life requires a specific chemistry Laws of chemistry just right for life Depend on laws of physics Hydrogen and Oxygen react to form water Human body depends on chemical reactions Information stored on long molecule – DNA Special properties, e.g. ice floats Elements organized into periodic table Properties of elements and compounds Outermost electrons determine physical characteristics of the atom @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 58 @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 59 Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler discovered that planets in our solar system obey three laws of nature Planets orbit in ellipses Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times Exact mathematical relationship between planet’s distance from the sun and its orbital period, i.e. p**2 = a**3 Kepler’s laws also apply to orbit of moons Laws of planetary motion are derived from laws of gravity and motion (Newton) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 60 Laws of Mathematics Laws of physics are highly mathematical in nature Laws and principles of mathematics Would not work otherwise Addition, multiplication, transitive, etc. Commutative properties of addition/multiplication Binomial theorem Laws of mathematics Abstract, not attached to any specific part of the universe A “transcendent truth”, not part of the physical universe “Mathematics is the language in which the gods talk to people.” Plato @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 61 Nature of Mathematical Laws Secular view of law of mathematics Cannot account for the laws Not part of the physical universe Christian view of law of mathematics God’s nature is logical and mathematical Any created universe is mathematical in nature There is a God beyond the universe Mathematics reflects the thoughts of God Mathematics illustrates God’s immutability Discovered by human beings, not invented “Thinking God’s thoughts after Him” Kepler @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 62 The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law - The entropy of a system increases with time Entropy is defined as “a measure of the quantity of energy not capable of conversion into work” 2nd Law holds in the fields of classical thermodynamics (unavailability of energy for further work), statistical thermodynamics (decreased order of the system’s structure), as well as in informational thermodynamics (lost/distorted information) Creation predicts and is supported by the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 63 Conditions For Increasing Complexity in an Open System Necessary, but not sufficient conditions: 1. Open System 2. Available Energy Additional requirements: 3. Mechanism for storing and converting incoming energy 4. Program (to “direct” the growth of complexity) @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 64 Vestigal Organs At one time there were claimed to be 180 such organs in man - appendix, tonsils, thymus gland, pituitary gland, etc. No useless vestiges of structures which were useful in a former evolutionary stage All “vestigial” organs in man now appear to have a use The argument that vestigial organs prove evolution is no longer regarded as valid @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 65 Java Man Discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891 In 1940 Dubois admitted Ape-like skull cap, and 3 teeth later on Brain size of 900 cc (2/3 of ave. man) Human-like thigh bone found 50 feet away one year later Assumed they went together Fossils dated at 500,000 years (guesswork based on assumed evolutionary model) He found two human skulls in same area as the human thigh bone – 30 years later Java Man now regarded as an artificial construct Still in textbooks as support for evolution @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 66 Piltdown Man Fossil fragments found in 1908 Part of a human skull and part of a lower ape-like jaw Estimated to be 500,000 years old Discovered to be a fraud in 1953 Lower jaw and tooth were from orangutan Tooth had been filed Parts of lower jaw broken to hide the fact that it did not fit with the skull Skull was dated at ~620 years old and dyed to appear old @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 67 Nebraska Man Discovered in 1922 Dated to be one million years old Fossil was only a single tooth Complete model of Nebraska Man, his family and environment was constructed Tooth discovered to be pig’s tooth in 1928 Still cited as evidence for evolution in the 1940’s @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 68 Ramapithecus Found in India in 1930’s More fossil evidence found in 1970’s Considered a human ancestor Based on some jaw fragments and a few teeth Baboons in Ethiopia have same teeth structure as Ramapithecus Now discarded as a possible “missing link” Had been published as factual evidence of human evolution worldwide @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 69 Ape To Man? In a Science Digest article written by Lyall Watson, he states that: “The fossils that decorate our family tree are so scarce that there are still more scientists than specimens. The remarkable fact is that all the physical evidence we have for human evolution can still be placed, with room to spare, inside a single coffin.” David Pilbeam and Steven Gould (two evolutionists) report that: “Unfortunately, the fossil record of pongids (apes) is nonexistent, making a glaring deficiency in the whole story.” @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 70 Monkey Business Typing “Methinks it is like a weasel” from Shakespeare’s Hamlet using 27 keys Random typing by one monkey 1 in 27**28 or 1 in 10**40 Dawkins’ solution Fix each letter in place once correctly selected Type in only remaining letters Introduced “intelligence” Not random, but contrived! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 71 Probability of Synthesis Of DNA Molecule: Medium protein includes about 300 amino acids Too complex to arise by chance [no matter how long the time or how big the universe] By gradual accretion System might advance from one part to a two-part system, then to three parts, etc. Requires each step to be immediately beneficial Probability of success would be incalculably small @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 72 The Fossil Record - 3 “Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things. Organisms either appeared on the earth fully developed or they did not. If they did not they must have developed from preexisting species by some process of modification. If they did appear in fully formed state, they must have been created by some omnipotent intelligence.” D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, 1983 @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 73 The Fossil Record - 6 “I fully agree with your comments on the lack of direct illustration of evolutionary transitions in my book. If I knew of any, fossil or living, I would certainly have included them. . .I will lay it on the line, There is not one such fossil for which one might make a watertight argument.” -- Dr. Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History 140 years after Darwin, and still no credible transition form! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 74 Coelacanth – A “Living Fossil” Coelacanth fish Living specimens Known by paleontologists of 19th and 20th centuries from the fossil record “Extinct” about 70 million years ago Possible forerunner to first land animals Found off west coast of Madagascar in 1938 More found later No longer considered a link in evolutionary chain Another evolution “theory” debunked! @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 75