Download Biology Final Exam

EOC FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (Spring Semester)
Name:
Period:
DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. The amount of guanine (G) in an organism’s DNA always equals the amount of
____________. The amount of adenine (A) in DNA always equals the amount of
___________________.
2. A nucleotide (the basic unit of DNA) consists of _______________, _______________ and
_______________.
3. Genes in DNA → RNA →protein. This process is called ______________
_____________, or the Central Dogma of Biology.
4. During DNA replication, complementary strands of DNA are made from the original DNA
strands. Using this template (original strand of DNA) and the base-pairing rules, give the
complementary strand: TACCCCGAGAGG
5. What would be the complementary sequence of nucleotides for an mRNA molecule on the
original DNA strand above?
6. In RNA, thymine is replaced by ________________.
7. What would be the amino acid sequence translated from the following mRNA sequence:
CCAGUUAGG?
8. What is a point mutation?
9. The Human Genome Project is _____________________________________________.
10. Describe an agricultural or medical application of gene technology:
11. At the end of the replication process, each of the two new DNA molecules is composed of
one original strand and one ________________________________________________.
12. What are the following and how do they relate to the genetic material of an organism?
a. codon
b. mutation
c. messenger RNA
d. chromosome
13. What are three differences between DNA and RNA?
14. Use your codon chart to look up the amino acid that is coded for by the mRNA codon ATG:
EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION AND HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH
15. What evidence supports the conclusion that all species living on Earth today share a common
one-celled ancestor?
16. Explain how these different lines of evidence support evolution by Natural Selection: (NEXT
PAGE)
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
MorphologyFossil recordDNA and Amino Acid sequencesBiogeogaphyHomologies-
17. How does the Theory of Natural Selection explain the change and development of new
species over time?
18. Define and give examples for the following:
a. Variationb. Adaptation.c. Classificationd. Homologous structures-
e.
f.
g.
h.
HeredityAcquired characteristicsVestigial structuresSelective pressure-
19. The conclusion that life first appeared 3.5 billion years ago and evolved until present day is
based upon what evidence?
20. How does the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria demonstrate natural
selection?
21. The recent discovery that mitochondria and chloroplasts probably evolved from bacteria-like
organisms is called __________________ ___________________? What is the evidence?
22. Describe some of the experiences and ideas Darwin had before formulating his Natural
Selection Theory.
23. Explain how Darwin’s Natural Selection works. Use the terms variation, heritability,
overproduction, competition, survival, and adaptation in your answer.
24. What is the modern definition of evolution? Include the terms gene pool and allele
frequencies in your answer.
25. Binomial nomenclature (the naming of an organism) is represented by what two words from
the Linnean classification hierarchy?
26. Who developed the system for naming and classifying organisms?
27. Distinguish between specialized cells and stem cells.
28. How old is the Earth? What is the evidence?
When did the first cells (life) appear on earth? What is the evidence?
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29. List, from general to specific, the Linnean Classification categories (DKPCOFGS).
MENDELIAN GENETICS
30. What are the sources of new genetic combinations?
31. What is the genotype (X, Y chromosomes) of a genetically normal human female?
32. In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Draw 4 Punnett squares to show how
different parental genotypes (homozygous/heterozygous) can produce different geneotypic
and phenotypic rations in the F1 offspring generation.
33. What do the letters on the outside and the inside of the Punnett square represent? What are
they called?
34. What kinds of traits can not be inherited?
35. Demonstrate/describe/draw Mendel's Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent
Assortment. Somehow, show that you understand the two Laws.
36. Describe the chromosome number difference in your cells (somatic cell vs. gamete).
37. Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
38. Which chromosomes are responsible for sex-linked traits?
39. Give an example of a sex-linked trait and a non sex-linked trait in humans.
40. The original source of all genetic variation is ____________.
41. Using letter T for tall, write out the genotype for a homozygous tall plant in peas. What is the
phenotype?
42. What is a mutation? Give an example of mutations that lead to an adaptation.
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43. What are probable applications of gene technology?
44. Crossing over occurs during meiosis. How does this increase genetic variety?
45. Define: genotype-
phenotype-
46. Differentiate between MONOsomy, TRIsomy, HAPLOID and DIPLOID states:
47. What information can a karyotype provide?
48. Explain other patterns of inheritance: codominance-
incomplete dominance-
49. Draw a simple pedigree chart of a family with three generations, a genetic disorder, males
and females, and marriages:
50. How can one use a pedigree chart to determine with individuals are carriers or potential
carriers of a genetic condition or trait?
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
51. Write down the steps of the scientific method.
52. Invent a hypothesis that can be tested, makes a prediction and that can be repeated. Come
up with a list of data points collected over a period of time as a result of testing your
hypothesis. Graph the data, give units, identify the x and y axis, the independent and
dependent variables and use an appropriate scale. Write a conclusion based on an analysis
of the graph.
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