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Table 1: Glossary of basic terms in scoliosis Angle of Trunk Inclination With the trunk flexed, the angle between the horizontal and the plane across the back Apical Vertebrae The vertebrae most deviated laterally from the patients vertical axis Atypical Curvature Idiopathic scoliosis curves that deviate from the expected variety (i.e. left thoracic idiopathic curves) Bone Age Average age at which children reach a particular bone maturation as evidenced on radiographs (typically hand radiographs). Method to ascribe skeletal maturity. Cervical Scoliosis Scoliosis with its apex at a point between C1 and C6-C7 disc Cervical-thoracic scoliosis Scoliosis with its apex between C6 and C7 Compensatory curve a curve of lesser magnitude than the primary or major curve, that may or may not be structural Congenital scoliosis Due to congenitally anomalous vertebral development Cobb Angle Angle as measured between the endplates of the cephalad and caudal end vertebrae for a given curve End vertebrae The vertebrae that define the ends of a curve in the coronal or sagittal projection Failure of formation In congenital spinal deformity Failure of the vertebrae to form properly leading to the formation of hemivertebra Failure of Segmentation Failure of the vertebrae to segment properly leading to the formation of block vertebrae or unilateral vertebral bars Inflection vertebra The level at which curve changes direction from concave to convex, or vice versa Kyphosis Posterior convex angulation of the spine , as viewed on lateral imaging Lordosis Anterior convex angulation of the spine, as viewed on lateral imaging Lumbar scoliosis Scoliosis with an apex between the L1-L2 disc space through the L4-L5 disc space Lumbosacral scoliosis Scoliosis with an apex of L5 or below Major curve Curve with the largest Cobb angle on an upright coronal radiograph Minor curve Any curve that does not have the largest Cobb angle on an upright coronal radiograph Myopathic scoliosis Scoliosis due to a muscular disorder Neuromuscular scoliosis Scoliosis due to a neurologic or muscular disorder Neuropathic scoliosis Scoliosis due to a neurologic disorder Non-structural curve A measured curve on the coronal radiograph that corrects to or past neutral on supine lateral side bending radiograph Pelvic obliquity Angulation of the pelvis from the horizontal in the frontal plane. May be due to suprapelvic deformity (lumbar scoliosis) , intrapelvic deformity , or infra pelvic factors , i.e. contracture of muscles around the pelvis or hip or leg-length discrepancy Risser Sign Radiographic evaluation of the graduated ossification of the cartilaginous apophysis of the Iliac crest, as a marker of skeletal maturity / spinal growth remaining Sagittal spinal balance Alignment of the C7 vertebral body to the posterior superior corner of the sacrum on an upright lateral radiograph Structural curve Measured spinal curve in the coronal plane in which the Cobb angle fails to correct past zero on supine lateral side bending radiograph Thoracic scoliosis Scoliosis with an apex at a point between the T2 vertebral body through the T11-T12 disc Thoracolumbar scoliosis Scoliosis with an apex at a point between T12-L1 Adapted from the Scoliosis Research Society’s Revised Glossary of Terms
