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International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 5 (7), 815-820, 2015 Available online at http: www.ijssjournal.com ISSN 2251-7502 © 2015; Science Research The acute response of beta endorphin, cortisol and lipid profile to physical activity in men addicted to drugs and non-drug Somayeh Dehghani1*, Farzaneh Taghian2, Arash Ghodousi3, Mahshid Hasanshahi4 1- Department of physical education, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Iran 2- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 3- MD assistant professor, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan Branch, Iran 4- Young Researchers and Elite club, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Arsanjan, Iran *Corresponding author, Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of beta-endorphin, cortisol and lipid profile in heroin addicts using aerobic exercise is walking on a treadmill. Study on two groups of subjects (group1 = male heroin addicts, 2 = non-addicts who had no history of any drug) with ages about twenty to thirty years old. In order to measure the level of beta-endorphin, cortisol and lipid profile after aerobic exercise blood samples were taken in two stages before and after thirty minutes walking on treadmill which was in fixed slope condition with initial speed of 4 km/hour which gradually increased to 6km/hour. The intensity of exercise was set within 50-65% of maximum heart rate. For statistical analysis of the obtained data, dependent and independent t-tests with statistical significance P<0.05 were used. The results showed that the average beta-endorphin and lipid profile before and after exercise on a treadmill in addicts subjects lower than of non-addicts group, but not significant (P<0.05). But cortisol levels in both groups had significant changes. The results of the paired t-test showed that betaendorphin levels and total cholesterol, TG, LDL decreased compared to the previous practice was not statistically significant. The HDL level increased in both groups compared to the previous practice, but was not statistically significant. The cortisol levels fell in both groups compared to the previous practice was statistically significant. The results showed that the activity of running on a treadmill with the amount and Intensity for a significant reduction in the levels of lipid profile and a significant increase in the secretion of beta-endorphin addict does not seem enough. Whereas cortisol levels in both groups showed a significant decrease. Key words: Lipid profile, beta-endorphins, aerobic exercise, cortisol Introduction Drug dependence among the most fundamental human issues of our times, and unfortunately the day on which the increased number of victims and the effects of physical, psychological, cultural, social and family bring(Iranian National Drug Control Headquarters, 2010). The first problem is related to the individual is created, the effects of drugs on the motivational system (brain reward system) is odd. Thus the neuro-endocrine disrupting effects in the context of long-term dependence on individual caused (Jamalian, 2007). Addiction is a complex disorder that can have multiple causes (Kreek et al., 2004). Drugs due to their pharmacological effects in the brain phenomena such as dependence, tolerance, withdrawal syndrome and sensitivity are the factors Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 5 (7), 815-820, 2015 leading to chronic use of drugs are in a person (Thomas et al., 1998) .Man has to relieve pain and treat some diseases of the drugs used (Jalali et al., 2002). Heroin, weakens the central nervous system (Vazirian, 2005). Heroin and morphine bind to opiate receptors are those that are not filled to relieve pain. Frequent consumption of heroin reduces the body's production of endorphins and thus need more heroin to opiate receptors fill and reduce pain. With the withdrawal symptoms of heroin withdrawal painful experience, because they reduce the normal production of endorphins, more opiate receptors remain unfilled. The body's natural opiates heroin substitute (Atkinson, 2009). Beta-endorphins are one of the groups Endorphins are released in the blood. Beta-endorphins are released into the blood, the blood barrier - the brain cannot be too much blood enters the brain and the ability to measure the physiological significance. Beta-endorphin is a laminate product of (POMC) is a hormone precursor for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. So wherever adrenocorticotropic release, beta-endorphin is released. Beta-endorphins produced by the cells that transmit pain and stick to clog up the function of these cells and thereby reduce pain. Beta-endorphins addition to reducing pain cause makes happy and alacrity in a person. Scientist's debate, physical activity, a considerable amount of beta-endorphins is released (Goldfarb et al, 1997). Numerous studies have shown that beta-endorphin have measured the levels of these substances increases with exercise. Previous studies have considered the release of endogenous opiate that can increase the pain threshold and even the next day remains high (Lett et al., 2001). All the evidence shows that exercise increases the amount of androgen Opioids (Meeusen, 1995). Cortisol secretion mediated by the nervous and hormonal systems is used, depending on the health and performance of the hypothalamic-pituitary and adrenal gland. Cortisol hormone secretion of from the adrenal gland in response to the natural secretion Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. Opiates and amino acid opioid (narcotic) Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary physiology are prevented. This is probably due to drug binding to the opioid receptors, k and S (Naser Alavi, 2003). Beta-endorphin and cortisol response to exercise is different. According to studies and experiments, the concentration of beta-endorphin and cortisol in most cases depends on the intensity of exercise (Farrell et al., 1982). Drug use affects the nervous system of reward in the human brain; The extra food substitute drugs to stimulate the nerve centers in the brain and eating patterns and eating disorders are the most common (Abrantes et al., 2006; Michael, 2006). Increased lipid, lipoprotein and blood cholesterol as important factors in the incidence of heart disease has been introduced, To the extent that these factors Framingham Heart Association With golden factors predicting risk of cardiovascular disease presents (Souri et al., 2007). The risk of cardiovascular disease with cholesterol levels are directly correlated, So that the order of more than 45 and 47 percent of deaths in men and women could be related to increased levels of blood cholesterol (Knauss, 2005; Press, 2003). Materials and Methods Statistical Population and Sample According to the nature of the subject and aims of the study, current research is semi-experimental and practical in which by pre-tests and post-tests blood samples were collected. People who were intended to be studied in this research were two groups: 1) addicted2) non-addicted, they were all men with the ages in the range of 20 to 30 years old. The first groups are 15 heroin addicts who were randomly selected from 47 clients of Toole Mehr clinics in Shiraz. Second group consists of 15 nonathletic students of Azad university of Shiraz who had no background of drug consumption. Research Protocol After explaining the aims and procedure of research, written consent and health questionnaire, in order to check the health status of group 2(non-addicts) and to make sure that they are not addicted, were given to members of two groups. After receipt of the consent and health questionnaire, some physical and physiological indices such as age, drug type, duration of addiction was recorded. The members of the two groups in one session of thirty minute involving warm-up, main event and cooldown walked on treadmill. According to researches, walking on treadmill with speeds 4-6 km/h stimulates secretion of beta-endorphin in cardiac patients (Prapavessis, 2007). So in this research speed of walking on treadmill starts with 4km/h an increases up to 6km/h. due to the specific status of addicts, slope of moving strip is set to be zero. The intensity of exercise was set within 50-65% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples of 5 ml were taken by a doctor in two stages before and after walking on treadmill and were poured in tubes containing anti-coacoalescence material EDTA for test. Methods of Experimental Measurement The amount of change in beta-endorphin in blood samples after separation of serum was studied by the ELISA apparatus. To do this, the beta-endorphin KIT with this specifications Endorphin beta human EIA KIT 816 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 5 (7), 815-820, 2015 (range: 0-100 ng/ml) manufactured by Fonix Company in Germany, was used. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol by barking test kits and equipment auto machine Elan was measured. Cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Statistical Analysis In order to compare mean level of beta-endorphin before and after study between two groups t independent test and to compare the mean value before and after study in each group the coupled-t test was used. Statistical significance in this research was < 0.05. Results According to Table 1, the average beta-endorphin and lipid profile before and after exercise on a treadmill in addicts than non-addicts, which is not significant p< 0.05. Comparison between the mean values before and after the activity, the amount of beta-endorphin addicts using independent t-test showed that this difference in beta-endorphin variables, lipid profile were not statistically significant. Thus 30 minute aerobic walking on treadmill between beta-endorphin levels and lipid profile in both addicts and non-addicts did not cause significant. But cortisol levels in both groups had significant changes. Table 1: Beta-endorphin and cortisol response, lipid profile of physical activity in men, drug addicts and non-addicts Variables group T independent test (p value) pre pos addicts Beta-endorphin non- addicts 0.127 0.194 (ng/ml) TG ((mg. l -1) Total cholesterol (mg. l -1) HDL ((mg. l -1) LDL (mg. l -1) Cortisol (ng/ml) addicts non- addicts 0.28 0.35 addicts non- addicts 0.431 0.429 addicts non- addicts 0.18 0.27 addicts non- addicts 0.42 0.79 0.000 0.000 addicts non- addicts The results of the paired t-test were used to compare variables between the two groups before and after drug addicts and non-addicts are listed in Table 2. Beta-endorphin levels and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL decreased compared to the previous practice which was not statistically significant. The HDL levels increased in both groups compared to the previous practice, but were not statistically significant. The cortisol levels fell in both groups compared to the previous practice was statistically significant. 817 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 5 (7), 815-820, 2015 Table 2: Results of the paired t-test was used to compare variables between the two groups before and after drug addicts and non-addicts variables group mean ± standard deviation paired t-test (p value) Beta-endorphin (ng/ml) Before exercise After exercise 1.21±0.26 1.19±0.26 1.34±0.20 1.31±0.22 197.92 ± 95.44 195.66 ± 87.81 214.45 ± 88.24 207.36 ± 98.12 229.25 ± 67.67 224.01 ± 77.36 209.70 ± 87.60 204.46 ± 70.86 33.49 ± 7.34 35.88 ± 6.45 44.58 ± 8.28 49.94 ± 9.39 134.82 ± 22.86 131.88 ± 33.97 119.50 ± 31.47 115.68 ± 29.61 5.20 ± 0.29 4.70 ± 0.83 4.00 ± 0.27 3.50 ± 0.63 addicts non- addicts addicts TG ((mg. l -1) Total cholesterol (mg. l -1) 0.12 non- addicts 0.43 addicts 0.54 non- addicts 0.81 addicts HDL ((mg. l -1) 0.11 non- addicts 0.21 addicts LDL (mg. l -1) 0.34 non- addicts 0.41 addicts Cortisol (ng/ml) 0.76 0.48 0.001 non- addicts 0.000 Discussion and Conclusion In the present study, beta endorphin levels and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased after exercise, which was not statistically significant. HDL levels compared to pre-exercise also increased in both groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The cortisol levels fell in both groups compared to the previous practice was statistically significant. Addiction as compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences which frequently defined on health can be caused by various drugs (Jamalian, 2007). The most addictive drugs on morphine and heroin have been studied, including substances such as cocaine, marijuana and nicotine-derived cannabinoids are (Jamalian, 2007; Ghasemi, 2010) These drugs affect the brain in different ways, but they all have in common the fact that they all levels of dopamine D3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens available to work a lot. So they actually stimulate the brain's reward system (Jamalian, 2007). One of the very interesting exercises is to produce new neurons. The neurons in the hyppocamp, where learning and memory, are produced. However, the precise mechanism of neuronal production is unknown. At the cellular level, pressure balancing exercise occurs through exercise, calcium and stimulates the factor, stimulates the transfer of donor in the hippocampus. This factor stimulating the production of BDNF gene causes the production of new neurons in BDNF protein boost. Thus, BDNF production of a protective response against the pressure and stress. Thus, BDNF plays a restorative role. For example, in a comparison of active and inactive mice, researchers found that active mice after injury, axons of the sciatic produce more than their sedentary mice. The healing effect is seen in humans, since the early 30s, the brain begins to lose its neuronal tissues (Andrea, 2006). Therefore, if the serum levels of beta-endorphins exercise can enhance the brain's reward system would increase the influence of dopamine available. In addition to the effect on μ receptors will be able to increase exercise tolerance, particularly pressure. Therefore less dependent binding of foreign substances will require because the effectiveness of these materials more effectively exercise the brain's reward system. In the present study, beta endorphin levels decreased compared to the previous practice which was not statistically significant. High levels of endorphins in the brain regions associated with pain, breathing, motor 818 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 5 (7), 815-820, 2015 activity, secretion of pituitary hormones, emotions, etc., indicating widespread and diverse physiological effects of opioid peptides is critical. Stress, such as the threshold of pain, and blood levels of endorphins in the brain increases. Noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems and communications between opioid systems is robust and effective. Thus, opioids, although part of the regulatory system shows the response to pain and stress, it is possible to set the motor or behavioral response (relative to environmental stimuli) also play a determinant role (Tamas, 2007). Physical activity increases the release of beta-endorphins can be. Release of beta-endorphins in stress condition is extremely low. Submaximal exercise (30 minutes running on the treadmill), increased levels of beta-endorphins are 2 to 5 times. However, the amount of the increase is related to individual characteristics. When the concentration of beta-endorphins start to increase after the exercise intensity that is greater than 50% V02 max. Increase in the level of beta-endorphins can occur at low load, save time, increase (Anthony, 2006). In this study 30 minute walk on a treadmill beta-endorphin levels have been significantly reduced which may be due to drug addiction and lack of sufficient intensity and duration of the exercise. Beta-endorphin release has a great effect on the duration of the exercise (Petraglia et al., 1990). Beta-endorphin levels in terms of stress cycles with low activity, which was consistent with the present study. Beta-endorphin we see increased activity (Maisel et al., 1990). As noted, a session of aerobic exercise reduced blood cortisol concentration immediately after the workout. Average concentrations of the hormone at the end of practice to rest, decreased. The results of the research results (Gratty et al., 1983; and Tinp, 1983 and Rezai et al., 2014) is in line with research but (Carroll et al., 1992) ran the lack of correlation may be due to the different type of exercise (high, medium, low) or for them to be carried out. Research findings suggest that exercise intensity had no significant effect on changes in blood lipid profile subjects. 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