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United States History & Government 11 Name:______________________________ Period/Day _______ Date:_______________________________ CFA-MC #33: The Presidency of Harry Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower Directions: Using what you learned, fill in the blank with the best word or phrase to complete the sentence. 1 2 3 4 The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 is a significant event in United States diplomatic history because it (1) committed the United States to a peacetime military alliance (2) strengthened United States influence in oil-producing nations (3) eased tensions with the Soviet Union and its satellites (4) created new patterns of international trade Which has been a primary difficulty of international organizations in dealing with world problems? (1) ineffective leadership (2) lack of Third World membership (3) lack of participation by communist bloc nations (4) emphasis on national self-interest by member nations An important outcome of the Nuremberg Trials held at the end of World War II was that they (1) showed that many accounts of Nazi atrocities were exaggerated (2) spread the blame for World War II among many nations (3) held that moral and ethical considerations do not apply in wartime (4) established that individuals are responsible for their actions A major purpose of United States involvement in world affairs since World War II has been to (1) secure new overseas colonies (2) contain the growth of communist power (3) dominate voting in the United Nations (4) discourage economic growth in other nations 5 In the period following World War II, the United States developed a policy of containment mainly in response to the (1) perceived threat of Soviet expansion (2) building of the Berlin Wall (3) partition of Palestine (4) spread of nuclear weapons 6 The United States foreign policy that was followed in the decade after World War II was intended to (1) support revolutionary groups by using United States armed forces to help them overthrow communist governments (2) support the efforts of free peoples to resist communism (3) ensure United States neutrality in international affairs (4) allow communist expansion in exchange for trade concessions 7 The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to provide Europe with (1) defensive military weapons (2) economic aid (3) cultural exchange programs (4) political alliances 8 “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily economic and financial aid…” – Harry Truman The recommendation made in this quotation resulted from the United States need to (1) prepare for World War I (2) fight Nazi aggression in 1941 (3) oppose communist expansion during the early post-World War II period (4) justify the withdrawal of United States forces from Korea 9 The ideas in the quotation have been used by President Reagan to justify United States intervention in the affairs of (1) Latin American nations (2) Western Europe (3) Vietnam (4) Canada 10 Since World War II, relations between the Soviet Union and the United States have been marked by (1) conflicts where the superpowers supported opposing sides, but did not confront each other directly (2) refusal to negotiate on any issues (3) slow but steady decreases in military forces and armaments (4) reliance on international peace organizations to solve problems 11 For the United States, one similarity between the Korean War and the Vietnam War is that during both wars (1) United States forces successfully contained communist expansion (2) Presidential wartime powers were expanded (3) the domestic economy was not affected by the costs of supporting the wars (4) there was little public controversy concerning United States participation in the wars 12 Which United States foreign policy trend of the 1940s and 1950s did the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Eisenhower Doctrine best represent? (1) continuous support of the United Nations health programs (2) increased commitment to strengthen NATO (3) provision of economic, technical, and military assistance to nations threatened by communism (4) effort to increase trade with Asian and European countries 13 Which was a major purpose of the United States and its wartime Allies at the World War II summit conference held in Yalta and Potsdam? (1) to plan the political future of defeated nations (2) to reveal the events of the Holocaust to the world (3) to establish the rules of conduct for the cold war (4) to coordinate the development and use of the atomic bomb 14 President Harry Truman decided to use the atomic bomb in World War II mainly to (1) satisfy Allied demands for a quick end to the war in Europe (2) gain valuable information for future peacetime use of atomic power (3) increase the prestige of the United States (4) bring an immediate end to the war 15 Following World War II, the Nuremburg Tribunal established the principle that (1) citizens charged with war crimes must be given a trial in their home country (2) only a nation's leader can be charged with war crimes (3) military leaders are more responsible for war crimes than civilian authorities are (4) obedience to a nation's wartime policies does not excuse guilt for crimes against humanity 16 A cause of public controversy in the United States during both the Korean War and the Vietnam War was that in each conflict (1) a President fired a popular general (2) the United States used atomic weapons (3) no declaration of war was authorized by Congress (4) guerrilla warfare frustrated military and civilian leaders 17 President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command in the Korean conflict primarily because (1) the United Nations forces were losing the war under General MacArthur's command (2) General MacArthur challenged the concept of civilian control over the military (3) the United Nations requested a change of command (4) General MacArthur was planning to challenge President Truman as the Presidential nominee for the Democratic Party 22 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe… . All are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.” – Winston Churchill When did the situation described in the passage occur? (1) toward the close of World War I (2) during the Great Depression (3) soon after World War II (4) during the Vietnam War 18 For the United States, a major difference between the period following World War I and the period following World War II is that after World War II the nation (1) developed its role as a world leader (2) adopted a policy of isolationism (3) suffered a serious economic depression (4) rejected membership in a world peacekeeping organization 23 This observation by Winston Churchill is often regarded as the symbolic start of (1) détente (2) balance-of-power (3) the United States policy of neutrality (4) the cold war 19 Immediately after World War II, a main cause of the development of the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union was (1) the placing of missiles in Cuba by the Soviet Union (2) Soviet dominance over Eastern European nations (3) United States military actions in the Baltic Sea (4) Soviet desire to enter the war against Japan in 1945 20 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is based on the principle of (1) collective security (2) aggression (3) self-determination (4) nationalism 21 An outcome of the Korean War was that (1) Korea became a unified nation under one government (2) Korea became a United Nations trusteeship (3) South Korea remained non-Communist (4) Korea was annexed by China 24 “Iron Curtain Descends Across Europe” “Will Berlin Blockade Cause War?” “Why We Must Stop Stalin in Asia” The titles of these magazine articles were most probably written in the time period between (1) the Spanish-American War and World War I (2) World War I and World War II (3) World War II and the end of the Korean War (4) 1980 and today 25 The first disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union after the defeat of Germany in World War II occurred as a result of the (1) failure of the Soviet Union to withdraw from Eastern Europe (2) Cuban missile crisis (3) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (4) takeover of China by the Communists 26 In the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruling stated that segregated public schools (1) provided an appropriate education to students (2) must be made equal to all other schools (3) must comply with Federal standards (4) provided an unequal education 27 Since World War II, the integration of United States public schools has been most significantly stimulated by (1) decisions of Federal and state courts (2) passage of constitutional amendments (3) leadership of school boards in the South (4) actions of state legislatures 28 In the United States, which has been an important result of the migration of people from urban to suburban areas since World War II? (1) an increase in the urban tax base (2) an increase in the proportion of minorities in urban areas (3) a decrease in job opportunities in suburbs (4) a decrease in highway construction 29 The relationship between the automobile and the development of suburbs is most similar to the relationship between (1) television and increased uniformity of United States culture (2) skyscrapers and the decline of commuter railroads (3) political parties and the growth of big business (4) nuclear power plants and rising oil prices 30 Which United States foreign policy trend of the 1940s and 1950s did the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and Eisenhower Doctrine best represent? (1) continuous support of the United Nations health programs (2) increased commitment to strengthen NATO (3) provision of economic, technical, and military assistance to nations threatened by communism (4) effort to increase trade with Asian and European countries Base your answer to the question on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: “Preventing North Vietnam from overrunning South Vietnam should be the number one concern of the United States.” Speaker B: “Federal legislation is necessary if blacks are to be able to vote and to improve their status.” Speaker C: “The needs of the poor people can be met only with special Federal Government programs.” Speaker D: “Nothing is more important than accomplishing our goal of landing a man on the Moon.” 31 During which decade were these statements most likely made? (1) the 1950s (2) the 1960s (3) the 1970s (4) the 1980s 32 A comparison of the United States Supreme Court's decisions in the cases Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) illustrates that (1) protection of the civil rights of the individual has long been a judicial priority (2) Supreme Court decisions may be changed over time (3) the police powers of the states have been strengthened over time (4) the courts have given greater protection to property rights than to individual liberty Base your answer on the cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies. 36 The tariff issue of 1828, the secession of the Southern states in the 1860s, and school desegregation in the 1950s dealt with the constitutional issue of (1) the federal-state relationship (2) popular sovereignty (3) checks and balances (4) representation in Congress 37 A major cause of the growth of state and Federal highway systems after World War II was the (1) increase use of mass transit systems (2) growing prosperity of inner-city areas (3) rapid development of suburbs (4) return of city dwellers to farm areas 33 Which title best summarizes the main idea of the cartoon? (1) “Soviet and American Détente” (2) “Containment of Communism” (3) “The Search for Democracy” (4) “A Reason for the Arms Race” 34 Which point of view does the cartoon best support? (1) The United States should place greater restrictions on trade with the Soviet Union (2) Soviet and American leaders are failing to modernize their armed forces (3) Competition to achieve military superiority should be ended (4) Ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the United States make arms limitation talks useless _____________________________________ 35 The “domino theory,” popular in the 1950s and 1960s, assumed the expansion of (1) South African apartheid into other African nations (2) totalitarianism throughout Latin America (3) communism into Southeast Asia (4) Soviet influence in China 38 Which trend occurred in United States society in the 1950's? (1) The number of marriages and the birthrate declined. (2) Day-care services for children became widely available. (3) Suburban areas developed rapidly. (4) The automobile became less important in people's lives. 39 Little boxes on the hillside, Little boxes made of ticky tacky, Little boxes on the hillside, Little boxes all the same. There's a green one and a pink one And a blue one and a yellow one And they're all make out of ticky tacky, And they all look just the same. – Malvina Reynolds This song exerpt from the 1950's expresses (1) criticism of suburban growth (2) encouragement for families to build backyard fallout shelters (3) praise for the variety of goods available to American consumers (4) excitement over the expansion of public housing programs 40 “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” Base your answer on the cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies. – Brown v. Board of Education The effect of this Supreme Court ruling was to (1) establish affirmative action programs in higher education (2) require the integration of public schools (3) desegregate the armed forces and the military academies (4) force states to spend an equal amount on each public school student 41 In a farewell message to the American public, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of the growth of the “military-industrial complex.” This term refers to the (1) influence of defense contractors on Congress (2) threat from the Soviet Army (3) internal danger from Communist spies (4) economy's dependence on oil imported from the Middle East 42 In the 1950s, the domino theory was used by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to justify (1) sending federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas (2) United States involvement in Vietnam (3) joining the United Nations (4) opposing Britain and France in the Suez Canal crisis 43 In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine expanded the principles of the Truman Doctrine by extending Middle East military assistance in order to (1) offset communist influence in the region (2) combat anti-American terrorist threats (3) force the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to end its oil embargo (4) defend Israel against Arab invasions 44 Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of this cartoon? (1) Russia put cosmonauts on the Moon. (2) The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite. (3) The United States was defeated in the Vietnam War. (4) American students scored low on tests in math and science. 45 "Sputnik Launch Propels Soviets Ahead in Space Race" In 1957, the United States government responded to the event described in this headline by (1) reducing military spending (2) building a joint space station with the Soviet Union (3) constructing President Ronald Reagan’s "Star Wars" defense system (4) providing funds to improve the educational system in the United States 46 One similarity between the Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine is that both were designed to (1) limit the spread of communism (2) help develop the space program (3) restrict United States foreign aid (4) assist rebellions against the Soviet Union Base your answer on the diagram and on your knowledge of social studies. 49 What was a result of the takeover of Cuba by Fidel Castro? (1) Relations between the Soviet Union and Cuba worsened. (2) Many Cuban Americans returned to their homeland. (3) Trade between the United States and Cuba increased. (4) Many people fled from Cuba to the United States. 50 In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to (1) protect civil rights marchers (2) help African Americans register to vote (3) enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools (4) end race riots resulting from a bus boycott 47 Which development following World War II caused the urban-suburban pattern shown in the diagram? (1) increase in the number of farms (2) expansion of highways and automobile ownership (3) movement of most factories to rural areas (4) decline in the number of middle-income families 48 Who led a "witch hunt" for Communist spies in the United States government during the early 1950s? (1) Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren (2) President Dwight Eisenhower (3) Senator Joseph McCarthy (4) Secretary of State Dean Acheson