Download infection prevention and control

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE
ENTRY AND MULTIPLICATION OF
ORGANISM RESULTS IN DISEASE
 COLONIZATION OCCURS WHEN A
MICROORGANISM INVADES THE
HOST BUT DOES NOT CAUSE
INFECTION (INJURY TO CELLS)
 PATIENT SAFETY ISSUE

CHAIN OF INFECTION

Infectious agent or pathogen
 Reservoir
 Portal of exit
 Mode of transmission
 Portal of entry
 Susceptible host
Infectious Agent/Pathogen

Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
fungi, protozoa
 Normal flora
 Colonization
 Virulence
 Susceptibility
 Review Potter & Perry Table 34-1 (pg.
643) Common Pathogens
Reservior





Animate sources (humans, animals,
insects)
Inanimate sources (soil, water, food,
medical equipment)
Pathogens need a proper environment
to survive (food, oxygen, water,
temperature, pH, light)
Carriers
Toxins: (Exotoxins, endotoxins)
Portal of Exit/Entry
Skin and Mucous Membranes
 Respiratory Tract
 Urinary Tract
 Gastrointestinal tract
 Reproductive Tract
 Blood

Modes of Transmission
Contact (Direct & Indirect)
 Droplet
 Airborne
 Vehicles
 Vectors

Susceptible Host
Susceptibility (Resistance to infection)
 Factors which influence susceptible:
 Age
 Nutritional status
 Chronic disease history
 Trauma
 Smoking

The Infectious Process

Incubation Period
 Prodromal Stage
 Illness Stage
 Convalescence
 Pathogenicity of organism
 Localized vs. systemic
DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION

Normal flora
 Body System Defenses (P&P Pg.647)
 Inflammation
 VASCULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSE
 EDEMA
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
 LEUKOCYTOSIS
 INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE
 SEROUS
 SANGUINOUS
 PURULENT
SPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST
INFECTION

CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED
INFECTION (NOSOCOMIAL)

Infections that are a result of health care
delivery, not present at admission
 EXOGENOUS
 ENDOGENOUS
 IATROGENIC
Refer to Potter & Perry Table 34-2 Pg. 648
(Sites for Causes of HAI’s)
Common Health-Care
Associated Infections

Urinary Tract Infection

Surgical/Traumatic Wound Infection

Respiratory Tract

Bloodstream
The Nursing Process & Infection
Control (Assessment)
Status of defense mechanisms
 Client Susceptibility
 Nutritional Status
 Stress
 Disease Process
 Medical Therapy
 Clinical Appearance
 Lab Data

Lab Data

WBC Count

Sedimentation Rate

Cultures of sputum, urine, blood

Differential Count
Assessing Risk for Infection
Age
 Disease Processes
 Lifestyle
 Occupation
 Diagnostic Procedures
 Medications
 Travel History
 Nutritional Status

NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND
PLANNING

NANDA APPROVED DIAGNOSIS

GOALS AND OUTCOMES
 MEASURABLE
 REALISTIC

PRIORITIES
Acute Care Interventions
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPSIS
 CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
 CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF:

 MODES OF TRANSMISSION
 PORTALS OF ENTRY
 RESERVOIRS

HAND HYGIENE (HCP, PATIENT,
FAMILY)
INTERVENTIONS
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
 HYPERTHERMIA INTERVENTION

 ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE
 FEVER MANAGEMENT
HEALTH TEACHING
 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
 PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
 HEALTH CARE RESOURCES

Isolation Precautions

CDC and OSHA Guidelines
1.
Contact
2.
Droplet
3.
Airborne
Drug Resistant Organism
Infections & Colonizations
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylocuccus
aureus (MRSA)
 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
(VRE)
 Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase
(ESBL)
 Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Personal Protective
Equipment
Gowns
 Respiratory Masks
 Eye Protection
 Gloves
 Specimen Collection
 Bagging Trash & Linen
 Transporting Patients

EVALUATION
MEASURE SUCCESS OF INFECTION
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
 COMPARE PATIENT’S RESPONSE TO
ACTUAL OUTCOME
 WHAT WILL YOU DO IF
GOAL/OUTCOMES NOT ACHIEVED?
