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Transcript
High Middle Ages 1000 - 1350 Birth of a European Civilization Why the High Middle Ages? Development of effective form of government – Systems of Government End of invasions Agricultural inventions – Plow – Horse collar – 3-field system Role of the Church Medieval Society F E U D A L I S M M A N O R I A L I S M Feudalism Local government – Personal relationships – Landowning nobility Lords --> Vassals – Relationship among equals Mutual obligations/duties Effects Medieval Hierarchy 3 Orders: – Those who fought – Those who prayed – Those who worked Manorialism Medieval Society Manor Village vs. Homestead – Why? Serfs – “Bound to the Land” – Benefits? Peasants Lord Vassals Serfs Serfs Life on a Medieval Manor What do you see depicted? Religion Christianity – The Church Foundation of Medieval Society – Birth to Death Role of Religion The “Medieval Mind” – Hierarchy: Primacy of the other world over this world – True meaning - God Pilgrimages, relics, cult of the virgin – Key Intellectual issue: How can I know about God? – Faith/revelation Role of Religion The Church as an Institution – Unifier – Mediator – Economic Power – Papal Power Rise of New Elements Medieval Society – Vibrant and dynamic New elements will threaten stability – – – – Rise of Feudal Monarchs Rise of Trade Social Changes Education Rise of Feudal Monarchs Medieval kings - cooperation – Military support – Advisory Councils Attempt to increase power by: – – – – – Examples? Hereditary title Royal officials Taxation Control of bishops Support of towns Theme: Monarch vs. nobility – Men in Tights Philip II (1165-1223) Magna Carta: Limits on Power King John I (1164-1216) – Reigned (1199-1216) Oppressive rule English barons rebel – Demand constitutional reform June, 1215: Runnymede – Forced to sign Magna Carta Symbol of sovereignty of law Law applies to king as well as everyone else Economic Revival Rise of Trade – – – – – Early M. Ages: Manor East-West Trade Medieval Fairs Emergence of money Limited Industry Craftsmen Growth of Towns – 1100: 20 or 30 miles Dramatic growth – Corporate liberties – Battle lords Economic Revival Feudalism weakens – Italy: City-states – HRE: Imperial free cities – France/England: Charters of liberty Formation of Leagues – Hanse Which countries will develop strong national monarchies? Hanseatic Merchant Ship Economic Revival Emergence of Merchant Class – “Misfits” Medieval View of Wealth – “Just Price” Medieval Cities Town life vs. Manor – – – – Less comfortable Less sanitary More dangerous Opportunities! Economic Solidarity Protective Measures – Restrictions on sale of food – Prohibition of certain trades in the country – Tariffs – Fees – Formation of Guilds Guild System Purpose: Exercise monopoly of power over marketing and business activities of their town Examples MASTER JOURNEYMAN APPRENTICE Social Changes Upward mobility Serfs --> Townspeople – Serfdom disappears Middle Class Money vs. Land Medieval Education Renewed interest in learning – Re-discovery of classical learning Byzantines/Muslims Universities – Developed from Cathedral Schools Balogna Sorbonne Oxford Oxford University Medieval Education Faith vs. Reason – St. Thomas Aquinas (1225?-1274) – “The Dumb Ox” – Scholasticism Reconcile Classical learning with Christian theology – “Summa Theologica” New Elements - Rising Tensions Feudal kings vs. nobility Church vs. feudal kings Middle Class vs. nobility Secularism vs. religion