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Transcript
The Agony of Reconstruction
The U.S. after the Civil War
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Questions for Discussion
• What were the opposing views of
Reconstruction in the wake of the Civil War?
• Who supported these competing views and
why?
• Was Reconstruction a success? Why or why
not?
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Abraham Lincoln
•
•
•
•
Lawyer
Statesman
16th President (1861-1865)
Assassinated April 14, 1865
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Andrew Johnson
• Succeeded Lincoln as President
• Southern Democrat
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Reconstruction Raised 3 Questions
• Can the US ever truly be united?
• Can blacks and whites live together?
• Who runs this country?
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Carl Schurz
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•
•
•
•
Born in Cologne, Germany
Revolutionary figure in Germany
Public speaker and abolitionist
Hated Southerners
Reported on the effect of the Civil War on the
South at Johnson’s request
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
What the War did to the South
• Physically
• Legally and Constitutionally
• Emotionally
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Wade-Davis Bill
• Asserted congressional power over
Reconstruction.
• Required that a majority of a seceded state’s
white men take a loyalty oath and guarantee
back equality.
– Sound familiar to anyone?
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Four theories of Reconstruction
•
•
•
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Presidential Theory
Southern Theory
Conquered Provinces Theory
“Forfeited Rights” Theory
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Presidential Theory
•
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•
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Southern states never out of the Union
Not “Reconstruction,” but “Restoration.”
Minor modifications
Restore political rights
Appointment of governors
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Southern Theory
• War proved secession could not take place
therefore they’d never left the union.
• Therefore, no Constitutional question
• Everythign should revert back to the way it
was
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Conquered Provinces
• Backed by Thaddeus Stevens and Radical
Republicans
• Shattered the Constitution
• Southern states subject to international law as
a “conquered province.”
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Forfeited Rights
• Ultimately governed Reconstruction
• Secession null and void but emphasized that
governments had rebelled
• Because rebellion, they forfeited rights under
the Constitution
• Becomes the duty and right of Congress to
ensure republican form of government
• Became the theory that underlay the
Reconstruction Act of 1867
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Radical Republicans
• After 1866 elections, “Radical” meant being
committed to destroying slavery and
guaranteeing civil rights for African Americans
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Thaddeus Stevens
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•
•
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•
Influential leader of Reconstruction
Served in congress
Abolitionist
Led impeachment forces against Johnson
Sponsored radical plan of Reconstruction
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Wendell Phillips
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•
•
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Abolistionst
Labor reformer
Speaker
Abandoned practice of law to speak on
social/policital issues
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Charles Sumner
• Senator
• Deeply devoted to cause of civil rights
• Joined Stevens as leader of Radicals
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Bills Johnson Vetoed
• Freedman’s Bureau Bill of 1866
• Civil Rights act of 1866
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Jefferson Davis
• President of the CFA
• Only military leader of Cnfederacy to be
placed in prison
• Served two years
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
The Lost Cause
• In response to Reconstruction, many
Southerners embraced “the lost cause,” an
image of Confederate soldiers battling to
maintain Southern traditions and institutions.
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
THE NEW SOUTH
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Questions
• How did the Civil War transofrm the South?
What I really a “new” south? Why or why not?
• Were freed slaves better off in the South after
the Civil War? Why or why not?
• What were the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments? Did they transofrm American
society? Why or why not?
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
• By the late 1860s some Southerns were
already calling for a more diversified economy
• Slow shift from famrs to factories
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
General observations about the South
• Never monolithic – never a monopoly on racism,
violence or one –party politics. Just seemed that way
in comparison to the rest of the country.
• Only white Southerners have been defeated in way
and had their territory occupied by enemy
• Until 1950, majority of blacks in US lived in the South
• “Solid South” refers to no Republican presidential
candidate carrying the South between 1877-1920
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
“New South”
• No longer two separate nations – erased the
Mason-Dixon line
• Southern economy had changed
• Race relations had changed
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Henry W Grady
• Native of Atlanta, GA.
• Correspondent of New York Herald
• Conceptualized “new south”
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Economically
• Reconstruction of infrastructure
– Railroads
– Ports
– Roads
– communications
• Industrialization
– Cotton
– Iron
– tobacco
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
Race Relations
• 13th amendment: slavery punishable by law
• 14th amendment: citizenship granted to any
person born in the US
• 15th amendment: right for all adult males to
vote
– This annoyed women
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu
More on Race Relations
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KKK
Redeemers
“Mississipi Plan”
“Grandfather Clause”
“Jim Crow” laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
lecture notes from us.history.wisc.edu