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MINISTRY of PUBLIC HEALTH UKRAINE
Higher state educational establishment of Ukraine
«Ukrainian medical stomatological academy»
“It is ratified"
on meeting of Department
of Accident Aid and Military Medicine
Manager of department
DMSc, Associate Professor__________Shepitko K.V.
22.11.2017
METHODICAL INSTRUCTION
FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS
DURING PREPARATION TO PRACTICAL SESSION
Regulatory and legal framework of civil
protection in Ukraine
Poltava-2017
1.Topic relevance
In conditions of natural, technological and socio-political nature of the
population, material resources and the area may be contaminated with radioactive,
toxic substances and bacteriological means. Special processing is one of the most
important measures to eliminate the effects of natural, technological and sociopolitical emergencies and carry out to prevent damage of the population that has
undergone damage by radioactive substances, toxic substances and bacterial
factors.
2.Concrete aims:
a.To be able to use the international lawyer’s basis of organization defenseof
population and territory inemergency situations.
b.To be known thelawyer’s basis of civildefense in Ukraine.
c.To be known сharacteristics of focal radiationdamage .
d.To be known сharacteristics of focalchemical damage.
e.To be known сharacteristics of focal biological damage
3.Basic knowledge, abilities, practical skills required for studying of the theme
(interdisciplinary integration):
Courses
Practical skills
1.Lawyer’s basis
1. To knowthe international lawyer’s basis of
organization defenseof population and territory
inemergency situations
2.Safety of life
functions
2. To be able to use main rules of people during
natural, technical, ecological and socialpolitical disasters.
3.To use the Latin terminology in situations
emergency.
4. To beknow the main natural, technical
ecological and social-political disasters in
world history.
3. Latin language.
4. History
5. Chemistry
5.To know poison substances that may be influence
on people’s health during social political disasters.
6. Physics
6.To know the physics bases of influence of
radioactive elements on the human body.
4.Tasks for independent work during preparation to practical employment
Term
1.The legal basis for activity of civil
defense
2.The main tasks of civil defense
3. The subordinate of Civil defense
forces
Definition
The legal basis for activity of civil
defense is the Constitution.
A. prevention
ofanthropogenic
emergency situations and take
actions for reducing statements
and losses in case of accidents,
disasters, heavy fires and natural
disasters;
B. alert about threats and about
emergency situations in peace and
war times, and kept informed
about the existing situation;
C. protection from the consequences
of accidents, disasters, heavy
fires, natural disasters and the use
means of destruction;
D. organization of life support
during
accidents,
accidents,
natural disasters, and war;
E. organizing and carrying out
rescue and other urgent work in
distressed areas and destruction
centers.
Civil defense forces subordinate to the
head of the specially authorized central
executive body, the office has referred
the question of civil defense.
4.2 Questions:
1. The only one Unified State System of Civil Defense, population and territories
from emergency situations of natural, technological and sociopolitical nature.
2. The legal framework of civil defense in Ukraine.
3. The purpose and objectives of civil defense.
4. Regime and activities of civil defense.
5. Basic protective measures of population and territory.
6. Characterization of a nuclear explosion.
7. Damaging factors of nuclear explosion.
8. Characteristics of chemical weapon center.
9. Classification of toxic substances.
10. Means of use of toxic substances.
11. Characterization of biological damage center.
12. Bacteriological (biological) weapon and their features.
4.3 Professional algorithms for forming practical skills and abilities:
1. To be known thelegalframeworkofcivildefenseinUkraine.
2. To be known thepurposeandtasksofcivildefense.
3.To be known theprofileandactivitiesofcivildefense.
4. To be able to use thebasicprotectionsofpopulationandterritories.
5. To be known characteristicsof a nuclearexplosion.
6.To be known thedamagingfactorsofnuclearexplosion.
7. To be known thecharacteristicsoffirechemicalweapon.
8. To be known classificationoftoxicsubstances.
9.To be known themeasuresoftoxicsubstances.
10. To be analisisthecharacteristicsofcentersofbiologicaldamage.
11. To be analisisthefeaturesofbacteriological (biological) weapon.
Detailedtheme content:
The legal basis for activity of civil defense is the Constitution.
The main tasks of civil defense are:
prevention ofanthropogenic emergency situations and take actions for reducing
statements and losses in case of accidents, disasters, heavy fires and natural
disasters;
alert about threats and about emergency situations in peace and war times, and kept
informed about the existing situation;
protection from the consequences of accidents, disasters, heavy fires, natural
disasters and the use means of destruction;
organization of life support during accidents, accidents, natural disasters, and war;
organizing and carrying out rescue and other urgent work in distressed areas and
destruction centers;
Creation of managements system, notification and communication, observation
and control of radioactive, chemical bacteriological contamination, keeping them
ready for the sustainable operation of objects of national economy in peace and
war time;
Training and retraining of managing staff of civil defense, non-military forces,
training of application personal protective equipment and actions in emergency
situations.
Civil Defense Force is its troops, specialized and non-military formation. Civil
defense forces subordinate to the head of the specially authorized central executive
body, the office has referred the question of civil defense. Civil defense forces
perform tasks for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations of
technogenic and natural character.
The centers of NUCLEAR DAMAGE
Nuclear weapon is called ammunition (bombs, shells, missiles and military heads,
etc..) that affects the action which is based on the use of intranuclear energy
released during explosive nuclear reactions (fission, fusion or the other at the same
time). It is the most powerful of all known means destruction. Missiles, aircraft
other means are used for the purposes of it delivery. Power is measured by a
nuclear explosion Trotyl equivalent. Trotyl is called a mass of conventional
explosives (Trotyl), the energy of the explosion is equal to the energy of the
explosion of nuclear supplies. Trotyl is measured in tons, kilotonnes (kt) megaton
(Mt).
On power nuclear weapons is conventionally divided into very small (yield of 1
kt), small (yield 15 kt), medium (15-100 kt yield), large(100-500 kt yield), extra
large (yield over 500 kt).
Nuclear explosions can be carried out in air at ground (water), underground
(water).
The striking factors of nuclear explosion include blast, thermal radiation, ionizing
radiation (penetrating radiation), radiation contaminated area and electromagnetic
pulse.
By striking a nuclear explosion include blast, thermal radiation, ionizing radiation
(penetrating radiation), radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.
Blast is a region of rapid compression of air that is circulated in all directions from
the center of the explosion with supersonic speed. The source of the shock wave is
high pressure in the center of the explosion.
The main parameters that determine the impressive effect of Blast: excessive
pressure and speed of air pressure.
The destructive effect of the Blast is determined by the excess pressure, ie the
difference between normal atmospheric pressure and maximum pressure in the
shock front. It is measured in kylopaskalyah (kPa) or kilograms of force per 1 cm2
(kgf/cm2).
Shock wave may act directly on people due to excessive pressure, high-speed
pressure and indirectly-secondary projectiles (destruction of buildings and
structures, flying debris). Blast Influences people and causes injuries of varying
severity:
light damage arising from the excessive pressure of 20-40 kPa. They are
characterized by contusion, bruise, sprains;
moderate damage arising from the excessive pressure of 40-60 kPa (contusion,
damage to hearing, bleeding from the ears and nose, fractures and dislocations);
severe damage arising from the excessive pressure of 60-100 kPa (multiple trauma,
fractures, injuries of internal organs, etc..);
extremely severe lesions observed in excessive pressure over 100kPa. Such
damage can lead to death.
Blast can destroy buildings, penetrate inside the shelters. against explosive devices
are used to protect it from Blast.
Thermal radiation a nuclear explosion is the flow of radiant energy, including
ultraviolet, infrared and visible radiation. Effects of light radiation, depending on
the power of a nuclear explosion may take a few seconds.
The most striking effect has infrared radiation. The main parameter that
characterizes the thermal radiation is the light pulse, ie the number of light energy
incident on 1 cm 2 (1 m2) surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of
light emission during the glow. The light pulse is measured in calories per 1 cm2
(kal/sm2) or kilojoules per 1 m2 (kDzh/m2) surface.
Value of light pulse depends on the thickness and type of explosion. The higher the
yield, the higher the value of the light pulse. It has value and type of explosion. At
ground explosion, he expressed less than in air. Value of light pulse is reduced in
proportion to the square of the distance from the center of the explosion. The
radius of destruction light pulse becomes maximum when the air nuclear
explosion.
Thermal radiation acts on people, causing burns exposed skin and eye damage
(primary effect). Burns in humans may also flame fires arising from the action of
Thermal radiation (secondary effect).
Depending on the value of the light pulse are four degrees of burns: I degree burn
causes the light pulse size to 200 kJ / m; II degree - 200-400 kJ / m; III degree 400-600 kJ / m; IV degree - more than 600 kJ/ of.
Damage of eye by Thermal radiation can occur temporary blindness, burns retina,
cornea and age. Protective structure and other structures that provide shade from
defend from the action of Thermal radiation.
Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) - a stream of gamma rays and neutrons
from the zone of a nuclear explosion.
Irradiation by ionizing radiation causes radiation sickness. Radiation sickness I
(mild) degree of development with a total dose of a single exposure to 2.1 Gy
(100-200 R). Its Hidden period is 4 weeks or more. Radiation sickness II degree
(moderate) occurs when the total radiation dose is 2.4 Gy (200-400 R). The
response to radiation is usually expressed and continues 1-2 days. Latent period is
2 - 3 weeks. The period of pronounced clinical signs does not develop
dramatically. Restoration of disturbed functions of the body is dragged out for 22.5 months.
Radiation sickness III (severe) degree occurs when the total radiation dose is 4.6
Gy (400-600 R). The initial period is usually characterized by severe symptoms.
Dramatically impaired activity of the central nervous system, vomiting occurs
repeatedly and sometimes assumes the uncontrollable character . Latent period
continues about 7-10 days. The condition in the crisis period (2-3 weeks)
significantly different by severity. Sharp disturbed hemopoiesis. Expressed
hemorrhagic syndrome. More clearly manifested symptoms that indicate a failure
of the central nervous system. In the case of a favorable result disappearance of
symptoms is gradual, recovery is very slow (3-5 months).
Radiation sickness IV degree occurs when irradiating is 6 (600 R) and more. It
characterized by hard primary reactions, vomiting, accompanied by, adynamia,
collapse. Initial disease moves into decay period, different features of this period
are septic character, fast oppression hematopoiesis (bone marrow aplasia,
pancytopenia), early appearance of hemorrhage and infectious complications (in
the early days).
It should be noted that the increasing power of nuclear weapon has increased
damage radius of the shock wave and light radiation, while the range of ionizing
radiation increases slightly.
Attenuation of ionizing radiation is made by different materials used as protection
(concrete, soil, wood). They are characterized by a layer of half-attenuation, layer,
which reduces the intensity of radiation on man 2 times.
Radioactive contamination of surfaces, water and air resulting from the loss of
radioactive clouds from surface nuclear explosion. The basis for their products is a
division of atomic nuclei that have entered into reaction, which are reacted portion
of nuclear charge and the induced radioactivity of chemical elements and shell
ammunition in the soil of the earth.
The degree of contamination with radioactive materials is characterized by dose
rate of ionizing radiation and is measured in amperes per 1 kg (A / kg) in SI units
or X-rays per hour (R / h). Dose rate shows the dose of radiation that a person can
get per unit time (hour) on the infected area. The area is considered contaminated if
the dose of ionizing radiations 0.5 R / h and more.
Over time, the dose of ionizing radiation gradually decreases and reaches safe for
human values. Thus, the dose of ionizing radiation after a nuclear explosion
ground after 1 h decreases by almost half, after 7 hours - 10 times, and after 2 days
- 100 times. Each 7-fold increase in time after the explosion leads to 10-fold lower
dose of ionizing radiation. Infection articles, food, equipment, water and human
skin measured in mill roentgen per hour (mR / h).
The destructive effect of radioactive substances (RO) on people due to two factors:
the influence of external gamma radiation and beta particles. Leading the radiation
factor in the defeat of an external gamma radiation, which leads to the
development of acute forms of radiation sickness. At high density skin
contamination with radioactive substances may experience radiation burns. Injury
may occur as in the case of contact RO in the gastrointestinal tract with food and
water or inhaled into the lungs from polluted air. This RO, soaked in blood, carried
by the flow of blood through the organs and tissues. At the time of the initial
nuclear explosion fission products mixture contains more than 200 isotopes of 35
elements, most of which has a very small half-life. By number radioactive isotopes
nuclear explosion are isotopes of strontium, yttrium, ruthenium, tag, bar, iodine
tellura, molybdenum and others. Some of them (eg, isotopes of cesium,
molybdenum and tellura) relatively uniformly distributed in the body and rapidly
excreted from it, while others accumulate in certain organs and tissues. Thus,
isotopes of iodine deposited in a thyroid, isotopes of strontium and barium - in
bone and tellura isotopes, molybdenum and lanthanide group - in liver tissue. The
most severe lesions present consumption of whole milk from the cows that graze
on pastures contaminated debris, while in the thyroid gland of people delayed in
25-30% of isotope that entered. Certain doses of radiation can cause destructive
changes in those organs and tissues where they are deposited. The degree of
sensitivity of different tissues to radiation is varies. If we consider the organ’s
tissues in descending order of their sensitivity to the action of radiation, we get the
following sequence: lymphatic tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone
marrow, germ cells.
Electromagnetic pulse causes of electric and magnetic fields in the results of
reaction of gamma radiation a nuclear explosion on the atoms of the environment
and the formation of electrons and positive ions. The degree of damage depends on
the electromagnetic pulse power and the type explosion. The most significant
damage from high-altitude electromagnetic pulse at explosions of nuclear
munitions, when the affected area may be one thousand square kilometers. Effects
of electromagnetic pulse may cause combustion of sensitive electronic and
electrical items, which have large aerials, damage semiconductor, vacuum tubes,
capacitors, and serious violations of the digital and control devices. Thus, the effect
of electromagnetic pulse can lead to disruption of communication devices,
electronic computers, etc., that the war will affect the work of staff and other
bodies of administration. Electromagnetic pulse has expressed an impressive effect
on people.
DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL DAMAGE center
Chemical weapon is referred to toxic substances and methods of their application.
The basis of chemical weapon are toxic substances that can affect vulnerable
people and animals.
Injury can be caused by direct hit of toxic substances, as a result of contact people
with infected soil and objects, taking contaminated food and water, and inhalation
of contaminated air.
The degree of contamination of air by toxic substances is characterized by
concentration and area - the density of infection.
Toxic substances by the toxic action are divided into the following groups:
neuroparalytic action (sarin, soman), these chemical agents causing disorder
functions of the nervous system, muscle spasms, paralysis and death;
skin ulcer action (yperite) characteristic action of this group is the ability to affect
the formation of skin abscesses and ulcers, respiratory, vision and digestion. In
addition, yperite gives the total failure;
generally poisonous action (hydrocyanic acid and hlortsian), these chemical agents
causing general poisoning of the body, paralyzing intracellular respiratory and
central nervous system that causes sudden death;
asphyxiating (phosgene) the substance affects the lung tissue, lungs can not absorb
oxygen air, which results in the death of the body;
psychochemical action («BZ» and «LSD»);
These substances affect the central nervous system, inhibit mental activity, lead to
dysfunction of individual organs and normal perception of the environment;
irritant action («CS», hloratsetofenon, adamsyt), these chemical agents cause
irritation of the respiratory and eyes.
For the application of toxic substances adversary may use chemical bombs, aerosol
generators, rockets and other munitions, equipped with toxic substances.
Center of Bacteriological (Biological) DAMAGE
Bacteriological (biological) weapon is called pathogens and toxins that are
produced and their means of delivery, purpose for destruction of people, farm
animals and crops. The features of this type of weapon are:
high potential efficiency, ie the ability to affect people or animals with negligible
small doses;
presence of latent (incubation) period, specific for each infectious disease;
contagiousness - the ability of infectious diseases transmitted from patient’s
healthy;
duration is determined by the ability of some microorganisms for a long time
storage in the environment (spores of anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene).Anthrax
spores can persist in soil for many years. After freeze drying bacteria are less
sensitive to adverse physical and chemical factors. A very long time, some
pathogens can remain viability in the carriers. The causative agent of plague can be
stored in the body fleas throughout its life (about a year). Pathogen-Koofever tick
could be in about 1300 days without a decrease in virulence. Rickettsiae that cause
spotted fever Rocky Mountains are stored in the acarus during the year. Tick-borne
encephalitis virus not only parasite in the body of the tick, but also transmitted to
offspring;
difficulty of detection caused due to lack of detection devices. If the qualitative and
quantitative determination of PB and OB in the environment are instruments of
radiation and chemical reconnaissance, similar devices for early detection of
bacterial products (BS) and set the type of pathogens does not exist. This requires
sampling tests, deliver these samples to the laboratory and carry out their research;
selectivity (purposeful) actions associated with the presence of a large number of
infectious diseases dangerous for humans, animals and plants, and the ability to
make their choice. For example, the use of disease agents of plants, animals only
(rinderpest), diseases of animals and humans (glanders, anthrax, etc..), only human
diseases (smallpox, cholera, etc.). Enemy can apply pathogens that often leads to
death (plague, smallpox, anthrax), or pathogens, that temporarily withdraw people
down, (fever, etc.);
strong psychological effect that is expressed, according to American authors, in the
appearance of panic even during using safe for human pathogens.
The development of the epidemic process in natural conditions is possible only if
three factors: 1) the source of infection, 2) the mechanism of transmission, 3)
susceptible population.
Knowing of these patterns allows to determine ways to combat epidemics. Among
them most important are: disinfection, disinfection and disinfestations, sanitary
treatment to destroy pathogens and their carriers, measures to protect food and
water from contamination, compliance with the rules of personal and public
hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment to stop the possibility of
infection (implementation mechanism for the transfer) of emergency non-specific
and specific prevention for the increasing of population no applied to the enemy
agent.
However, please note that the enemy can use bacteriological(biological) weapon,
using different methods, which makes anti-epidemic measures more complicate. It
is possible to use this weapon as follows:
1) creation of bacterial aerosols;
2) the use of infected vectors (insects, etc..)
3) sabotage.
The most dangerous is the aerosol mode of application, bacteriological (biological)
weapon.
Microorganisms that settled contaminate soil, water source, equipment, facilities,
food and other items that may be an additional source of human infection. The use
of resistant pathogens may contribute to the formation of secondary aerosol
damage centers and lead to secondary outbreaks of infectious diseases.
Under conditions of airborne dissemination of pathogenic microorganism’s
characteristic of the epidemic process is characterized not only one moment
infection huge population, but also the appearance of a large number of people sick
after a minimum period of incubation period (1.5-2 days), leading to a high rate of
epidemic process.
During applying the enemy bacteriological (biological) weapon bacterial
(biological) infection zone occurs, which is formed as a result of contamination by
pathogenic microorganisms. Within this zone there is a focus of bacteriological
(Biological) affection.
1. Materials of methodological and material support:
A. Tasks for self-control
1. Poison substances of nerve paralytic action include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
2. Toxic substances of skin ulcer actions include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
3. Toxic substances of asphyxiating actions include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
4. Toxic substances of irritant action include:
a) adamsyt;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
5. During a nuclear explosion effect radiant heat on people appears:
a) burns of exposed skin and eye lesions;
b) fractures of the extremities;
c) fractures of the ribs;
d) brain injury.
6. To protect against shock wave during a nuclear explosion are necessary:
a) filtering masks;
b) The protective mask;
c) warehouse;
d) respirators.
7. Chief of Civil Defense of higher education institution is:
a) Rector;
b) Vice Rector;
c) Chief of Staff;
d) the Dean.
8. Airblast during a nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from
the center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of gamma rays, neutrons;
d) electric and magnetic fields.
9. Electromagnetic pulse in the nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from the
center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of gamma rays, neutrons;
d) electric field.
10. Ionizing radiation in a nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from the
center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of radioactive particles;
d) electric field.
B. Tasks for final control of knowledge with answers:
Task №1.Ionizing radiation in a nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from the
center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of radioactive particles;
d) electric field.
Task №2Electromagnetic pulse in the nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from the
center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of gamma rays, neutrons;
d) electric field.
.
Task №3.Airblast during a nuclear explosion is:
a) The region of sharp compressed air that is circulated in all directions from
the center of the explosion with supersonic speed;
b) the flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, infrared and visible rays;
c) the flow of gamma rays, neutrons;
d) electric and magnetic fields.
Task №4. Chief of Civil Defense of higher education institution is:
a) Rector;
b) Vice Rector;
c) Chief of Staff;
d) the Dean.
Task №5Toxic substances of irritant action include:
a) adamsyt;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
. Task №6. Toxic substances of asphyxiating actions include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
Task №7.Toxic substances of asphyxiating actions include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
Task №8Toxic substances of skin ulcer actions include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
. Task №9Poison substances of nerve paralytic action include:
a) sarin, soman, V-gases;
b) yperite;
c) synilna acid;
d) phosgene.
Task №10To protect against shock wave during a nuclear explosion are necessary:
a) filtering masks;
b) The protective mask;
c) warehouse;
d) respirators.
Literature
References literature
Basic references:
1.Medicine of emergency situations: textbook for students of higher medical
educational establishments of IV level of accreditation/ V.V. Chaplyk, P.V.
Oliynyk, S.T. Omelchuk, V.V. Humenyuk. - Vinnytsia: Nova Knuha, 2012. - 343
p.
Additional references:
1.Accident and emergency medicine: study guide/ O.M. Pronina, V.V. Shevchenko,
S.I. Danylchenko; Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, Central Methodical
Office, UMSA. - Poltava: ASMI, 2015. - 143 p.
WEB-sources:
1. http://www.umsa.edu.ua/kafhome/voennaya/kaf_voen.html
2. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-28/fm328_sdraft.pdf
3. https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=i7xxfTXOwsC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=essential+and+civil+medical+su
pport&source=bl&ots=n_TExDFxdG&sig=a_fQbkOkplwFeXnJSpb4cD2gr
TY&hl=uk&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii7qznivLSAhUDliwKHfJ7B5UQ6AEI
OjAF
Guidelines prepared by:
PhD in Medical Sciences
Assistant Professor
V.V. Shevchenko