Download States of Matter

States of
Matter
Changes all around us
What is Matter?
• Matter is anything that has mass
(atoms) and volume (takes up space).
• EVERYTHING is made of matter.
3 States of Matter
Water in all 3 states
4 States of Matter
There are four
states of
matter:
–
–
–
–
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
What Makes Something a Solid?
Solids:
– Retain their
shape,
– Molecules are
close together,
with strong force
between molecules
that holds the
shape,
– Molecules moving
very slowly
(vibrating)
Solids
What Makes Something a Liquid?
Liquids:
– Take the shape of
its container,
– Molecules close but
not as tightly held
as in solids,
– Molecules move
around each other.
– Liquids can have
different
viscosities
What is Viscosity?
Viscosity = a liquids resistance
to changing its shape.
Thicker = higher viscosity
Thinner = lower viscosity
What is a Gas?
• Gas:
– takes the shape of its container,
– molecules are very far apart and
moving fast.
Some Gas
More Gas
Lots and Lots of Gas
Everything is in Motion
All molecules are in motion
Everything has Heat
All molecules have heat.
What is Heat?
Heat is a
form of
energy
WHAT IS HEAT?
• Heat is:
– a form of energy
– the energy of vibrating molecules
(Kinetic energy)
– molecules are always moving
(vibrating) therefore all matter has
heat
– the faster that molecules vibrate the
more heat they have
Heat is…
• HEAT is the total kinetic energy of an
object
(Compared with Temperature which is the
average Kinetic energy)
ex. Block of ice vs. match
Where Does Heat Come From?
Sun, burning fuel, friction
How Does Heat Move?
Convection
Convection is the molecule to molecule
transfer of energy (requires matter)
Conduction
Conduction = substance in motion carries
energy with it (requires matter)
Radiation
Radiation = photons travel through space
from emitter to another point (does not
require matter)
How Do We Measure Heat?
• Thermometer – measures the average Kinetic
energy of the molecules in a substance.
•
Celsius = water freezes at 0oC and boils at
100oC
•
Farenheit = water freezes at 32oF and boils
at 212oF.
•
Kelvin = begins at Absolute Zero = -275
celsius = limit of coldness = the lowest possible
kinetic energy that molecules can have
(Theoretic point)
•
What is Absolute Zero?
• Absolute Zero = the temperature at which
kinetic energy of molecules is zero, there
is NO movement of the molecules.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Kinetic Molecular Theory – explains thermal
energy as the random movement of atoms or
molecules; explains the properties of matter.
• All matter is made of atoms (molecules)
• The molecules are in constant motion
(kinetic)
• Motion and spacing of the molecules
determines the state of matter
• Temperature of the molecules determines the
motion and thereby the state of matter.
– More heat = more motion = more space
Molecular Spacing and Heat
Determine State of Matter or
Phase
• Solid = close molecules, slow, “cold”
• Liquid = pretty close, faster, “warm”
• Gas = far apart, fast, “hot”
Phase Changes – Evaporation
and Boiling
• Liquid + heat  Gas (Evaporation)
– ex. Puddle disappearing on a hot day
(Boiling)
– Boiling = pressure of escaping water vapor =
air pressure
Evaporation is a Cooling Process
Phase Changes - Melting
• Solid + heat  Liquid (Melting)
– ex. Ice melting to water
Phase Changes - Condensation
• Gas – heat  Liquid (Condensation)
– ex. Liquid forming on the outside of a
cold glass
Phase Changes - Freezing
• Liquid – heat  Solid (Freezing)
– ex. Water cooling and changing into ice
Phase Changes - Sublimation
• Solid + heat  Gas (Sublimation)
– ex. Dry ice, moth balls disappear over time
Phase Changes - Deposition
• Gas – heat  Solid (Deposition)
–ex. Snow, frost on windows,
breath on cold day, frost in
freezer
Thermal Expansion
• Thermal Expansion = the
expansion that occurs as a
substance is heated
Review