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TEST 2 DREAM SHEET Amphiarthrosis- secondary cartilaginous joint; slightly moveable; symphisis pubis, intervertebral joints Primary cartilaginous joints are immovable joints (synchondrosis) that ossify with age and are bone-cartilage-bone (epiphyseal plates). Secondary cartilaginous joints are bonecartilage-fibrocartilage-cartilage-bone (symphysis pubis, IVJ). Fibrous joints are joints joined by fibrous tissue; typically formed by intramembranous ossification (sutures of the skull). Zygapophyseal joints are diarthrosis, synovial, plane, gliding, uniaxial. Intervertebral joints are secondary cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis Ligaments of the cervical spine: *Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane- ant arch of atlas to ant margin of foramen magnum *Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane- post arch of atlas to post margin of foramen magnum *Lateral atlanto-occipital ligament (Ant Oblique)- TP’s of atlas to jugular process *Articular capsule (Capsular ligament) *Membrana tectoria (occipito-axial ligament; tectorial membrane) *Alar ligament (check ligament, odontoid ligament) - apex of dens to the medial surface of the occipital condyles *Apical ligament (suspensory ligament) - tip of dens to ant margin of foramen magnum *Cruciate ligament: transverse ligament of the atlas; cranial crus (SLB); caudal crus (ILB) *Accessory ligaments- medial surface of lateral masses of atlas down to posterior surface of the body at the base of the dens. Clinical signs of a dislocated glenohumeral joint- head of humerus is inferior and medial to the glenoid fossa. Joint of Luschka- uncovertebral joint- diarthrosis, synovial, plane, uniaxial -Uncinate processes and the vertebral body of C3-C6 A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint with an interoseous ligament TMJ is a synovial- diarthorosis-sellar-hinge-gliding-multiaxial-condyloid An articular disc is fibrocartilage (Present in the TMJ, Sternoclavicular joint, Knee and sometimes the acromioclavicular joint) Sternoclavicular joint- synovial, diarthroidal, sellar, multiaxial A synovial joint contains a joint capsule, synovial fluid, a synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and a joint cavity The transverse humeral retinaculum is a ligament from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The subacromial and subdeltoid bursa cushion the deltoid muscle during abduction Coxofemoral joint is a synovial, diarthroidal, spheroid, multiaxial, ball and socket Coxofemoral ligaments: Iliofemoral: AIIS to intertrochanteric line Pubofemoral: pubis to intertrochanteric line Ischiofemoral: ischium to greater trochanter Transverse Acetabular: crosses acetabular notch to connect joint capsule to the ligamentum capitis femoris Round lig, lig Teres, lig capitis femoris: acetabulum and transverse acetabular lig to fovea capitus Stifle or Knee joint- synovial, diarthroidal, modified hinge, biaxial Anterior cruciate ligament- anterior tibia to posterior medial aspect of lateral condyle of femur (anterior drawer sign) Posterior cruciate ligament- posterior tibia to lateral aspect of medial condyle of femur (posterior drawer sign) Retinacula and ligaments of the knee: *Lateral and medial patellar retinacula- patella to tibial tuberosity *Oblique popliteal ligament- posterior aspect of joint capsule *Arcurate popliteal ligament- head of fibula to intercondylar area of tibia and lateral epicondyle of femur *Medial (tibial)collateral ligament *Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament. *Cruciate ligaments- see above The double condyloid joint of the knee allows for lateral rotation. Synarthrosis- joint joined together Synchondrosis-joined with cartilage Synostosis-joined with bone Syndesmosis- joined with ligament Symphysis- a joint growing together Synovial- joined with egg Characteristics of skeletal muscle: irritability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity Muscle fiber arrangements: Pennate- feather like, fibers converge on a tendon Parallel- strap like, good endurance (sartorious, rectus abdominus mm.) Convergent- fan shaped, focus contraction on a single point (gluteal mm.) Sphincter- closes body openings (orbicularis oris) Fusiform- spindle shaped (biceps brachii) Flat- parallel fibers associated with aponeurosis (ext. oblique Muscles of facial expression: CN7 Epicranius frontalis-wrinkles forehead Orbicularis oculi- closes eyes Nasalis- widens nostrils Procerus- pulls eye brows medially and down Orbicularis oris- pucker muscle Levator labii superioris- elvis muscle Zygomaticus-smile muscle Risorius- draws angle of mouth laterally Depressor anguli oris- frown muscle Depressor labii inferioris- pout muscle Levator palpebrae superioris- raises upper lid CN3 Muscles of mastication: Temporalis- temporal fossa, temporal lines to coronoid process of the mandible (elevates the mandible) Masseter- zygomatic arch to lateral portion of the ramus of the mandible (elevates the mandible) Medial pterygoid- sphenoid bone to medial aspect of the mandible (elevate the mandible and move mandible laterally, grinding motion, assist in protraction) Lateral pterygoid- sphenoid bone to anterior side of condylar process of mandible (protracts the mandible, also moves side to side) Muscle that depresses the mandible: Platysma- fascia of the neck to inferior border of the mandible Extrinsic ocular muscles: Superior Oblique- rotates pupil down and out- CN4 Lateral rectus- pulls pupil laterally- CN6 Inferior oblique- rotates pupil up and out- CN3 Muscles that protract and retract the tongue: Genioglossus- mental spine of the mandible to the undersurface of the tongue (depresses and protracts the tongue) Styloglossus- styloid process of the temporal bone to the lateral side and undersurface of the tongue (elevates and retracts the tongue) The brachial plexus and the phrenic nerve both exit between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The diaphragm assists in inspiration. Increases intrathoracic volume and decreases pressure. The actions of the abdominal muscles: Rectus abdominus- flexes vertebral column External abdominal oblique- compresses abdominal contents, lateral rotation, draws thorax downward Internal abdominal oblique- same as EAO Transverse abdominis- compresses the abdominal contents Quadratus lumborum- lateral flexion of vert. column Functions of the erector spinae muscles: posture extension of the spine rotation of the spine lateral flexion of the spine Sternocleidomastoid- from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. Laterally rotates and flexes the neck Muscles that attach to the mastoid process: Digastric, SCM, longissimus capitis Muscles of the pes anserine: Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus Fibrous joints: Synarthrosis- sutures in skull Syndesmosis- radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, interspinous ligament Gomphosis- tooth and alveolar socket Cartilaginous joints: Primary-synchondrosis- 1st rib and sternum, epiphyseal plates Secondary- amphiarthrosis-Intervertebral joints, symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint Synovial Joints: Hinge (ginglymus) - humeroulnar (cubital), interphalangeal joints Pivot (trochoid) – radioulnar, atlantoaxial joint Gliding (plane) – Z-joints, intercarpal, intertarsal, sternocostal, sacroiliac, Acromioclavicular joints Condyloid (ellipsoidal) – radiocarpal, metacarpalphalangeal, Sternoclavicular, Knee Saddle (sellar)- maleolus and incus, carpometacarpo joint of the thumb Ball and Socket (speroid)- glenohumeral, Coxofemoral Atlanto-occipital- synovial, diarthroidal, ginglymus, condyloid, uniaxial Occipito-axial- not a joint- called a complex Atlantoaxial- 2 joints: Z-joint- synovial, diarthroidal, plane, gliding, uniaxial Dens and ant. arch- synovial, diarthroidal, trochoid, pivot, uniaxial Joint of Luschka (uncovertebral)- synovial diarthroidal, uniaxial, plane Intervertebral joint- secondary cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis Spinous process articulation- fibrous, syndesmosis Sacroilliac- synovial, diarthroidal, gliding, plane, multiaxial Temporomandibular- synovial, diarthroidal, condylar, gliding, hinge, multiaxial (Fibrocartilage instead of hyaline) Sternoclavicular joint- synovial, diarthroidal, sellar, multiaxial Costochondral joints-synchondrosis Costosternal joints (ribs 2-7)- synovial Costovertebral- synovial, diarthroidal, plane, uniaxial Costotransverse joints- synovial, diarthroidal, plane, uniaxial Manubriosternal joint- symphysis Xiphisternal- Synchondrosis Glenohumeral- synovial, diarthroidal, ball and socket, spheroid,multiaxial Acromioclavicular- synovial, diarthroidal, plane, gliding, uniaxial Humeroulnar (humeroradial, elbow, cubital)- synovial, diarthroidal, hinge, ginglymus, Uniaxial Proximal Radioulnar- synovial, diarthroidal, trochoid, pivot, uniaxial Metacarpalphalangeal- synovial, diarthroidal, condylar, biaxial Interphalangeal- synovial, diarthroidal, hinge, ginglymus, uniaxial Tibiofemoral- synovial, diarthroidal, modified hinge, double condyloid, biaxial Talocrural (ankle)- synovial, diarthroidal, hinge, uniaxial