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The Cardiovascular System Blood The Heart Blood Vessels Cardiovascular system Functions: Transports: oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients wastes chemical messengers Homeostasis of pH temperature clotting Disease Defense Systemic Vessels Blood = Plasma + Formed (Cellular) Elements Plasma • ~ 55% blood volume • ~ 92% of plasma is water • High dissolved oxygen content • Dissolved proteins • Albumins • Globulins • Fibrinogen Cells • ~ 45% blood volume • RBCs ~ 99% of cells • WBCs ~1% of cells The Proteins in Plasma • Albumins – 60% of plasma proteins – viscosity • Globulins – 35% of plasma proteins • Immunoglobulins attack foreign invaders • Fibrinogen – React in clotting reaction – Form fibrin (serum = plasma - fibrinogen) Cellular Components • RBCs (erythrocytes)~ 99% of all cells. • ~ 1/2 blood volume. Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cellular components (~ RBC volume) Lacks mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei Life span = ~120 days Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBCs) on the tip of a hypodermic needle. Hemoglobin Erythropoietin Life and death of an RBC Anemia • Pernicious anemia – Low Fe absorption – Vitamin B12 and instrinsic factor • • • • • Hemorrhagic anemia Sickle cell anemia Hypochromic anemia Hemolytic anemia polycythemia Pernicious anemia Blood Types - ABO What type? What type? Erythroblastosis fetalis Granular Leukocytes (WBCs) • Neutrophils – 70% circulating leukocytes – Highly active aggressive phagocytes • Eosinophils (acidophils) – Much less common – Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies – Parasitic infections • Basophils – Relatively rare – allergeries – Release histamines. Agranular Leukocytes • Lymphocytes – Primary cell of the lymphatic system • T-cells attack foreign cells directly • B-cells produce antibodies • Monocytes – Migrate into peripheral tissues and differential into Macrophages – Highly mobile phagocytic cells – diapedesis • Platelet cells (Thrombocytes) – Fragments of Megakaryocytes – enclosed packets of cytoplasm for blood clotting Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Pulmonary circuit - from heart to lungs back to heart Systemic circuit - from heart to body back to heart Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Veins = vessels that return blood to the heart. Capillaries = smallest vessels, found between smallest arteries and veins. These are the exchange vessels. The Heart • Myocardium • Chambers • Valves (one-way-flow) • Pericardial Sac Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity Epicardium – Visceral pericardium Myocardium – Muscular wall of the heart Endocardium – Epithelium of inner surface The Heart is Dual Pump • Most of the heart is Myocardium - Contractile Myocardiocytes * Interconnected by intercalated discs Position and Orientation of the Heart Sectional Anatomy of the Heart Blood Flow through Heart RA -> ______ valve -> RV -> _____ valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary ______s -> lungs -> pulmonary _____s -> LA -> ____ valve -> LV -> ___ valve -> ascending aorta -> aortic arch Receives blood from systemic circuit Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary veins Return blood to coronary sinus then on to right ventricle Foramen ovale open during embryonic development Fossa ovalis after birth Right Ventricle Blood comes from right atrium to right ventricle through the atroventricular (AV) valve Right AV valve / Tricuspid valve Three cusps of fibrous tissue - Chordae tendineae - Papillary muscles - Pulmonary semilunar valve Blood leaves Rt Ventricle via pulmonary Semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk. Branches to left and right pulmonary arteries Valves of the Heart How do papillary muscles work? Heart Valves and Heart Sounds • Closure of the AV valves create the 1st heart sound (‘lub’). • Closure of the semilunar valves create the 2nd heart sound (‘dupp’). • Placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest. Coronary Circulation Normal Functional Heart Anatomy Congenital Heart Defects Congenital Heart Defects Congenital Heart Defects The Cardiac Cycle The Electrocardiogram Recording of the electrical activities in the heart P wave = Atrial Depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular Depolarization T wave = Ventricular Repolarization ECG The Conducting System of the Heart Heart cycle