Download Nervous System - Winston Knoll Collegiate

Human Body Unit
Part
X/XIII

The nervous system receives and then
sends out information about your body.
 It
also monitors and responds to changes in
your environment.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Your brain receives vast amounts of
information all of the time.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Who thinks about keeping their heartbeat
going?
• About blinking?
• About their blood pressure?
• About regulating their body temperature?
(Thermoregulation)
• Who thinks about regulating hormones or
about breathing normal?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• While you are using your nervous system
for all of your senses, it is working double
controlling all of the things in your body to
keep you living
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• Changes that are happening all of the time
in your body and out are called stimuli.
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• Activity Stimulus!
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• Activity Stimulus!
– Rather quickly, move your finger towards and
away from your eye until it touches your
eyelash.
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• Activity Stimulus!
– Rather quickly, move your finger towards and
away from your eye until it touches your
eyelash.
– A reflex action will cause your eye to blink.
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• Activity Stimulus!
– This is a somatic response to the stimuli of
your moving finger
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The messages that are constantly
traveling through your body are carried by
the neuron or nerve cells.

Neuron: A specialized cell transmitting
nerve impulses. These impulses have both
electrical and chemical signaling.
.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Electrical signal: Changes + and – charges
from one end of a neuron to the other.
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• Chemical signal: Chemicals allow signals to
go from one neuron to another by “jumping
the gap (synapse)”.
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Cell Body
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Cell Body
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Myelin
sheaths
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
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Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Another
Axon with
dendrites
“Synaptic
Terminal”
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
Another
Axon with
dendrites
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
Another
Axon with
dendrites
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
Another
Axon with
dendrites
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Neurotransmitters
sent to receptors
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
Another
Axon with
dendrites
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Neurotransmitters
sent to receptors
Myelin
sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter
in length
• Receptors: Cells that receive messages
from your surroundings. Receptor Cell 
Interneurons  Brain  Interneurons 
Effector Cell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Fingers are dendrites
Hand is cell body
Arm is axon
• There are three types of neurons.
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• There are three types of neurons.
– Sensory neurons
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• There are three types of neurons.
– Sensory neurons
– Interneurons
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• There are three types of neurons.
– Sensory neurons
– Interneurons
– Motor neurons
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses
inwards to the brain or spinal cord.
• touch
• odor
• taste
• sound
• vision
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• Interneuron: Transmits impulses between
other neurons. (Brain and Spinal Column)
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• Motor Neurons: (Efferent Neurons)
Pathway along which impulses pass from
the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or
gland.
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
Sensory Neuron
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
Sensory Neuron
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
Interneuron
Sensory Neuron
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
Interneuron
Sensory Neuron
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• Name the type of neuron based on the
pictures below?
Interneuron
Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Receptors: Cells that receive messages
from your surroundings.
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• Receptors: Cells that receive messages
from your surroundings. Receptor Cell 
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• Receptors: Cells that receive messages
from your surroundings. Receptor Cell 
Interneurons  Brain  Neurons 
Effector Cell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Receptors: Cells that receive messages
from your surroundings. Receptor Cell 
Interneurons  Brain  Interneurons 
Effector Cell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Effectors: Cell that gets stimulated by a
neuron (Muscle cell)
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• Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses
inwards to the brain or spinal cord.
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• Interneurons: Transmits impulses between
other neurons. (Brain and Spinal Column)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Motor Neurons? (Efferent Neurons)
Pathway along which impulses pass from
the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or
gland.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The Central Nervous System: Brain and
Spinal Cord  Control center of the body.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
The Central Nervous System: Brain and
Spinal Cord  Control center of the body.
 Peripheral Nervous System: Network of
nerves throughout body.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! The connectivity of the brain
(Interneurons).
– The brain is an amazing organ that makes
many connections with other cells.
– Let’s understand this power with a little
exercise with twenty brain cells.
– An average brain may have 80-90 billion cells.
– Make ten dots on each side of your page
– (Please be organized and space them out so
they match)
– Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all
of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! The connectivity of the brain
(Interneurons).
– The brain is an amazing organ that makes
many connections with other cells.
– Let’s understand this power with a little
exercise with twenty brain cells.
– An average brain may have 50-100 billion
neurons and 1000 trillion connections.
– Make ten dots on each side of your page
– (Please be organized and space them out so
they match)
– Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all
of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! The connectivity of the brain
(Interneurons).
– The brain is an amazing organ that makes
many connections with other cells.
– Let’s understand this power with a little
exercise with twenty brain cells.
– An average brain may have 50-100 billion
neurons and 1000 trillion connections.
– Make ten dots on each side of your page
– (Please be organized and space them out so
they match)
– Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all
of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! The connectivity of the brain
(Interneurons).
– The brain is an amazing organ that makes
many connections with other cells.
– Let’s understand this power with a little
exercise with twenty brain cells.
– An average brain may have 50-100 billion
neurons and 1000 trillion connections.
– Make ten dots on each side of your page
– (Please be organized and space them out so
they match)
– Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all
of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! The connectivity of the brain
(Interneurons).
– The brain is an amazing organ that makes
many connections with other cells.
– Let’s understand this power with a little
exercise with twenty brain cells.
– An average brain may have 50-100 billion
neurons and 1000 trillion connections.
– Make ten dots on each side of your page
– (Please be organized and space them out so
they match)
– Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all
of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Central Nervous System is very complex.
Your body is adjusting to constant change.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Central Nervous System is very complex.
Your body is adjusting to constant change.
– On the next slide your central nervous system
will adjust to the amount of light that enters
the retina.
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• All of the messages that are constantly
being sent in your body are interpreted in
the central nervous system.
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• The Brain: An organ of soft nervous tissue
contained in the skull of vertebrates,
functioning as the coordinating center of
sensation and intellectual and nervous
activity.
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• The brain is well protected by the skull.
– The brain is also covered in three layers of
connective tissue which nourish and protect.
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• Thick outer layer that comes in contact with
the skull.
• Watery layer cushion brain
• Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.
• Thick outer layer that comes in contact with
the skull.
• Watery layer cushions brain
• Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.
• Thick outer layer that comes in contact with
the skull.
• Watery layer cushions brain
• Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.
• Thick outer layer that comes in contact with
the skull.
• Watery layer cushions brain
• Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! How a watery layer (cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) aids in cushioning the brain
from impacts.
– Draw a face on two raw eggs.
– Place one in a clear container with sealing lid
slightly larger than the egg. (Shake five times
increasing in strength – Observe after each
shake)
– Place the other egg in the same container.
This time fill the container with water. Repeat
shaking process and make a conclusion
about (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Parts of the Brain
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum Learning,
Cerebrum
Intelligence, emotions,
Corpus Callosum
personality, Judgment,
and all voluntary
activities of your body.
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
Spinal Cord
• Do you see the dancer turning clockwise
or anti-clockwise on the next slide?
– If clockwise, then you use more of the right
side of the brain.
– If counterclockwise, then you use more of the
left side of your brain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Right Brain
Left Brain
Right Brain
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect
the spinal cord that carries
impulses to and from body.
• Spinal column.
• Note how final spinal column is flexible.
• 31 segments and 33 bones
– 7 cervical vertebrae.
– 12 thoracic.
– 5 lumbar.
– 5 sacral
– 4 coccygeal
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• Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord but
are not indes t r u c t
i b l e.
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• Image of cracked spinal column and
severed spinal cord.
• Paralysis: Inability to move or function;
total stoppage or severe impairment of
activity
• Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
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• Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
– Besides possibly saving you from TBI
(Traumatic Brian Injury).
• Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
– Besides possibly saving you from TBI
(Traumatic Brian Injury).
– It can also possibly save you from serious and
life altering spinal cord injury.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Collosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect
the spinal cord that carries
impulses to and from body.
• Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried
under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in
sensory perception and regulation of motor
functions.
• Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried
under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in
sensory perception and regulation of motor
functions.
– Also controls sleep and awake consciousness.
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect
the spinal cord that carries
impulses to and from body.
• Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve
fibers that divides the cerebrum into left
and right hemispheres.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve
fibers that divides the cerebrum into left
and right hemispheres.
– Allows communication between both
hemispheres.
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• Visual information that we see on the left
gets processed by the right hemisphere.
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• Visual information that we see on the left
gets processed by the right hemisphere.
• Information on the right gets processed by
the left hemisphere.
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• Visual information that we see on the left
gets processed by the right hemisphere.
• Information on the right gets processed by
the left hemisphere.
– The neurons are "crossed"
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect
the spinal cord that carries
impulses to and from body.
Folds and wrinkles help
increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence,
emotions, personality,
Judgment, and all
voluntary activities of
your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
connects brain
to spinal
column and
controls all
involuntary
activities.
Controls motor
movement,
coordination, balance.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect
the spinal cord that carries
impulses to and from body.
• Sense Organs: They respond to changes
in light, sound, heat, pressure, and
chemicals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sense Organs: They respond to changes
in light, sound, heat, pressure, and
chemicals.
• Some common sense organs
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sense Organs: They respond to changes
in light, sound, heat, pressure, and
chemicals.
• Some common sense organs
• Sense Organs: They respond to changes
in light, sound, heat, pressure, and
chemicals.
• Some common sense organs
• Can anyone name the mystery actor
below?
• Can anyone name the mystery actor
below?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Can anyone name the mystery actor
below?
• Can anyone name the mystery actor
below?
• Can anyone name the mystery actor
below? Owen Wilson
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Frontal Lobeassociated with
reasoning, planning,
parts of speech,
movement, emotions,
and problem solving
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Frontal Lobe- associated
with reasoning, planning,
parts of speech, movement,
emotions, and problem
solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated
with movement, orientation,
recognition, perception of
stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated
with visual processing
• Temporal Lobe- associated
with perception and
recognition of auditory
stimuli, memory, and speech
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Frontal Lobe- associated
with reasoning, planning,
parts of speech, movement,
emotions, and problem
solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated
with movement, orientation,
recognition, perception of
stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated
with visual processing
• Temporal Lobe- associated
with perception and
recognition of auditory
stimuli, memory, and speech
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Functions of the Brain step by step
drawing.
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• When you bang the back of you head you
often see stars.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you bang the back of you head you
often see stars.
– These stars are the firing of neurons, which is
interpreted by the brain's visual cortex as
quick flashes of light.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Eye: Organ that detects light and converts
it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The eye requires a brain to perceive
(interpret) these electrochemical impulses.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A quick step by step drawing of an eye.
– Place eye on next page beneath your brain.
Tear Duct
• A quick step by step drawing of an eye.
– Place eye on next page beneath your brain.
Tear Duct
The tear
glands protect
and water
your eyes by
washing away
unwanted
particles.
• A quick step by step drawing of an eye.
– Place next to other eye drawing.
Gives our eyes color,
enlarging in dim light and
contracting in bright light.
known as the pupil.
Acqueous
Humor
Cornea
Clear, Light
passes through,
Protects
Pupil
Sclera (Clear Membrane)
Retina
Lens helps to
focus light on the
retina
Vitreous is transparent, colorless
mass of soft, gelatinous material
filling the eyeball
Macula
Vitreous Fluid
Optic
Nerve
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which is nearsightedness, and which is far
sightedness?
Farsightedness
Farsightedness
Nearsightedness
• Is this person nearsighted or far sighted?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer! Farsighted
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye.
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• Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye.
“C’mon Boy.”
• Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to
damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that
carries visual information from the eye to
the brain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to
damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that
carries visual information from the eye to
the brain.
– Increased pressure from aqueous humor.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Gives our eyes color,
enlarging in dim light and
contracting in bright light.
known as the pupil.
Acqueous
Humor
Cornea
Clear, Light
passes through,
Protects
Pupil
Sclera (Clear Membrane)
Retina back of the
eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve
endings that carry
the visual impulse
Lens helps to
to the optic nerve..
focus light on the
retina
Macula
Vitreous is transparent, colorless
mass of soft, gelatinous material
filling the eyeball
Vitreous Fluid
Optic
Nerve
• Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which
damages the eye.
• Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which
damages the eye.
• A quick step by step drawing of an eye.
– Place next to other eye drawing.
Gives our eyes color,
enlarging in dim light and
contracting in bright light.
known as the pupil.
Acqueous
Humor
Cornea
Clear, Light
passes through,
Protects
Pupil
Sclera (Clear Membrane)
Retina back of the
eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve
endings that carry
the visual impulse
Lens helps to
to the optic nerve..
focus light on the
Macula small area in
retina
the retina that provides
our most central, acute
vision.
Vitreous is transparent, colorless
mass of soft, gelatinous material
filling the eyeball
Vitreous Fluid
Optic
Nerve
• A quick step by step drawing of an eye.
– Place next to other eye drawing.
Gives our eyes color,
enlarging in dim light and
contracting in bright light.
known as the pupil.
Acqueous
Humor
Cornea
Clear, Light
passes through,
Protects
Pupil
Sclera (Clear Membrane)
Retina back of the
eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve
endings that carry
the visual impulse
Lens helps to
to the optic nerve..
focus light on the
Macula small area in
retina
the retina that provides
our most central, acute
vision.
Vitreous is transparent, colorless
mass of soft, gelatinous material
filling the eyeball
Vitreous Fluid
Optic
Nerve
• Rod and Cones: The two types of
photoreceptors in the eye.
• Rod and Cones: The two types of
photoreceptors in the eye.
– Rods are more numerous (120 million) and
work well in dim light.
• That is why you don’t really see colors at night.
• Rod and Cones: The two types of
photoreceptors in the eye.
– Rods are more numerous (120 million) and
work well in dim light.
– Cones see color (6-7 million – macula) and
don’t work well in dim light.
• That is why you don’t really see colors at night.
• Which is a rod and which is a cone?
• Which is a rod and which is a cone?
• Which is a rod and which is a cone?
• Which is a rod and which is a cone?
• Which is a rod and which is a cone?
Cone
Cone
Rod
Cone
• Everything you see is actually upside
down.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Everything you see is actually upside
down.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Everything you see is actually upside
down.
– Your visual processing center in your brain
then processes this message quickly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Videos! The eyeball.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Observation Basics.
– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are
constructions - something that our minds
manufacture.
– What we perceive is partially determined by what
we know or believe.
– Constructive perception has survival value - it
helps us make sense of the world.
– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.
– USE YOUR JOURNAL!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Observation Basics.
– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are
constructions - something that our minds
manufacture.
– What we perceive is partially determined by what
we know or believe.
– Constructive perception has survival value - it
helps us make sense of the world.
– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.
– USE YOUR JOURNAL!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Observation Basics.
– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are
constructions - something that our minds
manufacture.
– What we perceive is partially determined by what
we know or believe.
– Constructive perception has survival value - it
helps us make sense of the world.
– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.
– USE YOUR JOURNAL!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Observation Basics.
– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are
constructions - something that our minds
manufacture.
– What we perceive is partially determined by what
we know or believe.
– Constructive perception has survival value - it
helps us make sense of the world.
– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.
– USE YOUR JOURNAL!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Observation Basics.
– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are
constructions - something that our minds
manufacture.
– What we perceive is partially determined by what
we know or believe.
– Constructive perception has survival value - it
helps us make sense of the world.
– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Do these red lines bend?
Do these red lines bend?
• Please write down the phrase that you will
see on the next slide? You get just a second.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Mary had
had a little lamb
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“Write down
what it said in
your journal?”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“Did your brain
act faster than
your eyes?”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Mary had
had a little lamb
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Mary had
had a little lamb
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Mary had
had a little lamb
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Our brains are programmed for normal
right side-up.
Our brains are programmed for normal
right side-up.
I will flip this picture and you will see.
• Smell: To perceive the scent of (something)
by means of the olfactory nerves.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– Molecules from that thing have to make it to
your nose.
– Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– Molecules from that thing have to make it to
your nose.
– Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– Molecules from that thing have to make it to
your nose.
– Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– Molecules from that thing have to make it to
your nose.
– Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– The object needs to have light molecules that
will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– The object needs to have light molecules that
will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– The object needs to have light molecules that
will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily.
– Not heavy molecules. Your metals and other
heavy molecules don’t generally smell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Smell…
– The object needs to have light molecules that
will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily.
– Not heavy molecules. Your metals and other
heavy molecules don’t generally smell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To smell…
– Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that
come in contact with the air.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To smell…
– Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that
come in contact with the air.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To smell…
– Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that
come in contact with the air.
– They have hair like projections called cilia that
maximize surface area with air.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To smell…
– Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that
come in contact with the air.
– They have hair like projections called cilia that
maximize surface area with air.
– Odor molecules binds to cilia and the
message is sent via the neurons.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To Taste…
– We must smell.
– 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from
our sense of smell.
– Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food
travel up the nasal cavity to nose.
• To Taste…
– We must smell.
– 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from
our sense of smell.
– Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food
travel up the nasal cavity to nose.
• To Taste…
– We must smell.
– 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from
our sense of smell.
– Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food
travel up the nasal cavity to nose.
• To Taste…
– We must smell.
– 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from
our sense of smell.
– Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food
travel up the nasal cavity to nose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Your food tastes
bland when you
are sick because
the molecules
can’t make it to
your neurons
without getting
trapped in
mucous.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Your food tastes
bland when you
are sick because
the molecules
can’t make it to
your neurons
without getting
trapped in
mucous.
• Last bit about smell and the brain.
– What are these kids doing?
• Inhalant abuse, commonly called huffing,
is the purposeful inhalation of chemical
vapors to achieve an altered mental or
physical state, which for most abusers is a
euphoric effect.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chronic inhalant abuse may result in
serious and sometimes irreversible
damage to the user's heart,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chronic inhalant abuse may result in
serious and sometimes irreversible
damage to the user's heart, liver,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chronic inhalant abuse may result in
serious and sometimes irreversible
damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chronic inhalant abuse may result in
serious and sometimes irreversible
damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys,
lungs,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Chronic inhalant abuse may result in
serious and sometimes irreversible
damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys,
lungs, and brain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Brain damage may result in personality
changes, diminished cognitive functioning,
memory impairment, and slurred speech.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Death from inhalant abuse can occur after
a single use or after prolonged use.
Sudden sniffing death (SSD) may result
within minutes of inhalant abuse from
irregular heart rhythm leading to heart
failure.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Hearing…
– The hearing system is based solely on
physical movement. (Not chemical such as
smell and taste).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Hearing…
– The hearing system is based solely on
physical movement. (Not chemical such as
smell and taste).
– Sound occurs when it vibrates in matter.
(Solid, Liquid, Gas).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Hearing…
– The hearing system is based solely on
physical movement. (Not chemical such as
smell and taste).
– Sound occurs when it vibrates in matter.
(Solid, Liquid, Gas).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To hear, you must…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To hear, you must…
– Direct the sound waves into the hearing part
of the ear.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• To hear, you must…
– Direct the sound waves into the hearing part
of the ear.
• To hear, you must…
– Direct the sound waves into the hearing part
of the ear.
– Sense the fluctuations in air pressure.
• To hear, you must…
– Direct the sound waves into the hearing part
of the ear.
– Sense the fluctuations in air pressure.
– Translate these fluctuations into an electrical
signal that your brain can understand.
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Ear Canal
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Anvil
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Anvil
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Stirrup
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Semicircular Canals
Anvil
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Stirrup
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Semicircular Canals
Anvil
Hammer
Stirrup
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Cochela
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Semicircular Canals
Anvil
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Stirrup
Nerves that
connect to
brain
Cochela
Outer
Ear /
Pinna
Semicircular Canals
Anvil
Hammer
Ear
Drum
Ear Canal
Stirrup
Nerves that
connect to
brain
Cochela
Eustachian
Canal to the
nose
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer
to the stirrup.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it
is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and
cause a nerve impulse to form.
Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin
membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to
the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between
the middle ear and the air outside.
– When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain
or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your
middle ear.
• Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex)
• Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals
from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain.
Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels
to the eardrum.
Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects
sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled
tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner
ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance.
Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes
vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is
the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to
0.33 cm long).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) –
– This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The
louder the sound, the more decibels.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ticking Watch 20
Whisper 30
Normal Speech 50
Car 60
Alarm Clock 80
Lawn Mower 95
Chain Saw 110
Jackhammer 120
Jet Engine 130
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) –
– This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The
louder the sound, the more decibels.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ticking Watch 20
Whisper 30
Normal Speech 50
Car 60
Alarm Clock 80
Lawn Mower 95
Chain Saw 110
Jackhammer 120
Jet Engine 130
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) –
– This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The
louder the sound, the more decibels.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ticking Watch 20
Whisper 30
Normal Speech 50
Car 60
Alarm Clock 80
Lawn Mower 95
Chain Saw 110
Jackhammer 120
Jet Engine 130
Which of the following
require ear protection?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) –
– This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The
louder the sound, the more decibels.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ticking Watch 20
Whisper 30
Normal Speech 50
Car 60
Alarm Clock 80
Lawn Mower 95
Chain Saw 110
Jackhammer 120
Jet Engine 130
Which of the following
require ear protection?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sounds that are too loud or that last a long
time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells that convert
sound energy into electrical signals that
travel to the brain can become damaged.
Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow
back.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sounds that are too loud or that last a long
time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert
sound energy into electrical signals that
travel to the brain and can become
damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells
cannot grow back.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sounds that are too loud or that last a long
time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert
sound energy into electrical signals that
travel to the brain and can become
damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells
cannot grow back.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sounds that are too loud or that last a long
time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert
sound energy into electrical signals that
travel to the brain and can become
damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells
cannot grow back.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Touch: Found in all areas of the skin.
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you
to feel texture.
• Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure.
• Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Human Body Unit
Part
X/XIII