Download AP Biology Chapter 22 Darwin Guided Notes

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 22
Descent with Modification:
A Darwinian View of Life
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful
• A new era of biology began in 1859 when
_______________ published The Origin of
Species
• The ________________ focused
biologists’ attention on the great diversity
of organisms
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Darwin noted that current species are
__________________ of ancestral species
• ________________can be defined by
Darwin’s phrase descent with modification
• Evolution can be viewed as both a ________
_____________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution
challenged traditional views of a young
Earth inhabited by unchanging species
• Darwin’s ideas had deep historical roots
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.2
1809
Lamarck publishes his
hypothesis of evolution.
1798
Malthus publishes
“Essay on the Principle
of Population.”
1812
1858
Cuvier publishes his extensive
studies of vertebrate fossils.
1795
Hutton proposes
his principle of
gradualism.
1830
Lyell publishes
Principles of Geology.
While studying species in
the Malay Archipelago,
Wallace (shown in 1848)
sends Darwin his hypothesis
of natural selection.
1790
1870
1809
183136
Charles Darwin
is born.
Darwin travels around
the world on HMS
Beagle.
1859
On the Origin of
Species is published.
1844
Darwin writes his
essay on descent
with modification.
The Galápagos Islands
Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
• The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed
species as fixed and arranged them on a
_________________
• The Old Testament holds that species were
individually designed by God and therefore
___________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• ___________________ interpreted organismal
adaptations as evidence that the Creator had
designed each species for a specific purpose
• Linnaeus was the founder of _____________ , the
branch of biology concerned with classifying
organisms
• He developed the ___________________ for
naming species (for example, Homo sapiens)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ideas About Change over Time
• The study of ________________ helped to lay
the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas
• Fossils are remains or traces of organisms
from the past, usually found in sedimentary
rock, which appears in layers or __________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Video: Grand Canyon
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.3
Sedimentary rock
layers (strata)
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
• ______________ , the study of fossils, was
largely developed by French scientist Georges
Cuvier
• _______________ advocated _____________,
speculating that each boundary between strata
represents a catastrophe
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Geologists ______________ and ___________
perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can
result from slow continuous actions still
operating today
• Lyell’s principle of ___________________
states that the mechanisms of change are
constant over time
• This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
• Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve
through use and disuse of body parts and the
inheritance of acquired characteristics
• The mechanisms he proposed are
unsupported by evidence
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by
natural selection explains the adaptations of
organisms and the unity and diversity of life
• Some doubt about the ________________ of
species preceded Darwin’s ideas
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin’s Research
• As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin
had a consuming interest in __________
• Darwin first studied ________(unsuccessfully),
and then __________ at Cambridge University
• After graduating, he took an unpaid position as
______________ and companion to Captain
Robert FitzRoy for a 5-year around the world
voyage on the ______________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Voyage of the Beagle
• During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected
specimens of _______________ plants and
animals
• He observed that fossils resembled living species
from the ____________, and living species
resembled other species from ______________
• He experienced an ________________ in Chile
and observed the uplift of rocks
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Darwin was influenced by __________Principles
of Geology and thought that the earth was more
than ___________ years old
• His interest in _______________of species was
kindled by a stop at the _______________Islands
west of South America
• He hypothesized that species from South America
had colonized the Galápagos and ___________
on the islands
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.5
Darwin in 1840,
after his return
from the
voyage
HMS Beagle in port
Great
Britain
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The
Galápagos
Islands
AFRICA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pinta
Genovesa
Santiago
Fernandina
Isabela
0
20
40
Kilometers
Daphne
Islands
Pinzón
Santa Santa
Cruz
Fe
Florenza
Equator
SOUTH
AMERICA
Equator
Chile
PACIFIC
OCEAN
San
Cristobal
Española
Andes Mtns.
Marchena
Brazil
Malay Archipelago
PACIFIC
OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
Cape of
Argentina Good Hope
Cape Horn
Tasmania
New
Zealand
Figure 22.5c
The
Galápagos
Islands
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pinta
Genovesa
Marchena
Santiago
Fernandina
Isabela
0
20
40
Kilometers
Equator
Daphne
Islands
Pinzón
Santa Santa
Cruz
Fe
Florenza
San
Cristobal
Española
Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
• In reassessing his observations, Darwin
perceived ________________ to the
environment and the origin of new species as
closely related processes
• From studies made years after Darwin’s
voyage, biologists have concluded that this is
what happened to the __________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.6
(b) Insect-eater
(a) Cactus-eater
(c) Seed-eater
• In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on __________
___________as the mechanism of ___________
______________, but did not introduce his theory
publicly
• _________________ is a process in which
individuals with favorable inherited traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce
• In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from
Alfred Russell__________, who had developed a
theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s
• Darwin quickly finished __________________ and
published it the next year
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Origin of Species
• Darwin explained three broad observations:
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Descent with Modification
• Darwin never used the word _____________
in the first edition of The Origin of Species
• The phrase ______________________
summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity
of life
• The phrase refers to the view that all
organisms are ____________________ from
an ancestor that lived in the remote past
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• In the Darwinian view, the history of life is
like a tree with branches representing life’s
diversity
• Darwin’s theory meshed well with the
hierarchy of Linnaeus
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.7
Figure 22.8
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees
and relatives)
†Moeritherium
†Barytherium
†Deinotherium
†Mammut
†Platybelodon
†Stegodon
†Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
60
34
24
Millions of years ago
5.5 2 104 0
Years ago
Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and
Adaptation
• Darwin noted that humans have modified
other species by selecting and breeding
individuals with desired traits, a process
called ____________________
• Darwin drew two inferences from two
observations
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.9
Cabbage
Selection for
apical (tip) bud
Brussels
sprouts Selection for
axillary (side)
buds
Broccoli
Selection
for flowers
and stems
Selection
for stems
Selection
for leaves
Kale
Wild mustard
Kohlrabi
• Observation #1: Members of a population often
_________________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.10
• Observation #2: All species can ____________
_____________________________, and many of
these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.11
Spore
cloud
• Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits
give them a higher probability of surviving and
reproducing in a given environment tend to
_____________________ than other
individuals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Inference #2: This unequal ability of
individuals to survive and reproduce will lead
to the __________________________ in the
___________________ over generations
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Darwin was influenced by _____________ ,
who noted the potential for human population
to increase faster than food supplies and
other resources
• If some heritable traits are advantageous,
these will _________________ in a
population over time, and this will increase the
frequency of individuals with these traits
• This process explains the match between
___________________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Selection: A Summary
• Individuals with certain heritable characteristics
__________________ at a higher rate than
other individuals
• __________________ increases the adaptation
of organisms to their environment over time
• If an environment changes over time, natural
selection may result in adaptation to these new
conditions and may give rise to _____________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.12
(a) A flower mantid in Malaysia
(b) A leaf mantid in Borneo
• Note that _______________do not evolve;
________________ evolve over time
• Natural selection can only ______________
________________that vary in a population
• ________________vary with different
environments
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an
overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
• __________________ continue to fill the gaps
identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
• Two examples provide evidence for natural
selection: natural selection in response to
__________________, and the evolution of
___________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Selection in Response to Introduced
Plant Species
• ______________use their “beak” to feed on
seeds within fruits
• In southern Florida soapberry bugs feed on
balloon vine with larger fruit; they have
__________________
• In central Florida they feed on goldenrain tree
with smaller fruit; they have __________ beaks
• Correlation between _______and _________
has also been observed in Louisiana, Oklahoma,
and Australia
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• In all cases, ___________has evolved in
populations that feed on introduced plants
with fruits that are smaller or larger than the
native fruits
• These cases are examples of evolution by
_____________________
• In Florida this evolution in beak size occurred
in less than _______ years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.13a
FIELD STUDY
Soapberry bug with beak
inserted in balloon vine fruit
Figure 22.13b
RESULTS
Beak
10
On native species,
southern Florida
8
Number of individuals
6
4
2
0
Museum-specimen average
10
On introduced species,
central Florida
8
6
4
2
0
6
7
8
9
Beak length (mm)
10
11
The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
• The bacterium __________________ is
commonly found on people
• One strain, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
(MRSA) is a dangerous ______________
• S. aureus became ___________to penicillin in
1945, two years after it was first widely used
• S. aureus became ______________ to
methicillin in 1961, two years after it was first
widely used
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Methicillin works by inhibiting a protein used by
bacteria in their ____________
• ____________ bacteria use a different protein
in their cell walls
• When exposed to methicillin, MRSA strains are
more likely to _________________ than
nonresistant S. aureus strains
• MRSA strains are now __________________to
many antibiotics
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14
2,750,000
1
250,000 base pairs
2,500,000
Chromosome map
of S. aureus clone USA300
500,000
Key to adaptations
2,250,000
Methicillin resistance
Ability to colonize hosts
750,000
Increased disease severity
2,000,000
Increased gene exchange
(within species) and
toxin production
1,750,000
1,500,000
1,250,000
1,000,000
• Natural selection does not create new traits, but
________________ for traits already present in
the population
• The ___________________ determines which
traits will be selected for or selected against in any
specific population
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homology
• ____________________ is similarity resulting
from common ancestry
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomical and Molecular Homologies
• Homologous structures are anatomical
resemblances that represent variations on a
structural theme present in a common ancestor
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.15
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
• ________________________ reveals anatomical
homologies not visible in adult organisms
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.16
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chick embryo (LM)
Human embryo
• __________________are remnants of features
that served important functions in the
organism’s ancestors
• Examples of homologies at the __________
___________________are genes shared
among organisms inherited from a common
ancestor
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homologies and “Tree Thinking”
• __________________ are hypotheses about
the relationships among different groups
• __________________ form nested patterns in
evolutionary trees
• Evolutionary trees can be made using different
types of data, for example, ________________
________________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.17
Branch point
Lungfishes
Amniotes
2
Digitbearing
limbs
Amnion
Mammals
Lizards
and snakes
3
4
Homologous
characteristic
Crocodiles
Ostriches
6
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds
Birds
5
Tetrapods
Amphibians
1
A Different Cause of Resemblance:
Convergent Evolution
• __________________ is the evolution of
similar, or _____________, features in
distantly related groups
• Analogous traits arise when groups
independently adapt to _____________
____________________in similar ways
• Convergent evolution does not provide
information about ___________________
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.18
NORTH
AMERICA
Sugar
glider
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
The Fossil Record
• The __________________ provides evidence
of the extinction of species, the origin of new
groups, and changes within groups over time
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19
Most mammals
(a) Canis (dog)
Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
(b) Pakicetus
(c) Sus (pig)
(d) Odocoileus (deer)
Figure 22.UN01
• Fossils can document important __________
– For example, the transition from _________
____________ in the ancestors of
cetaceans
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20
Other
even-toed
ungulates
Hippopotamuses
†Pakicetus
†Rodhocetus
Common
ancestor
of cetaceans
†Dorudon
Living
cetaceans
70
60
50
40
30
20
Millions of years ago
10
0
Key
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Foot
Biogeography
• _________________ , the geographic
distribution of species, provides evidence of
evolution
• Earth’s continents were formerly united in a
single large continent called ____________,
but have since separated by continental drift
• An understanding of continent movement and
modern distribution of species allows us to
predict _______________ different groups
evolved
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• _______________ species are species that
are not found anywhere else in the world
• ____________ have many endemic species
that are often closely related to species on the
nearest mainland or island
• Darwin explained that species on islands gave
rise to ___________________ as they adapted
to new environments
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View
of Life?
• In science, a theory accounts for many
observations and data and attempts to explain and
integrate a great variety of phenomena
• Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
integrates diverse areas of biological study and
stimulates many new research questions
• Ongoing research adds to our understanding of
evolution
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.UN02
Observations
Individuals in a population
vary in their heritable
characteristics.
Organisms produce more
offspring than the
environment can support.
Inferences
Individuals that are well suited
to their environment tend to leave
more offspring than other individuals.
and
Over time, favorable traits
accumulate in the population.