Download SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING APPLIED LINGUISTICS

SECOND
LANGUAGE
LEARNING
APPLIED
LINGUISTICS
P.162-171
WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

A field that studies second
language learning by
linguistic analysis and other
fields such as communication,
education, psychology, and
sociology.
SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING
EFL
ESL
ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE


Learning English in a
community that doesn’t
speak English.
English class in Saudi
Arabia.


Leaning English in a
place where it is the
spoken language.
English class in the US.
ACQUISITION



The gradual
development of
language ability by
using it naturally in
communicative situations
with native speakers.
Result: Fluency in using
the language
(as in social interaction)
&


LEARNING
Learning the features of
the language
(vocabulary, grammar)
that is learned in a
classroom.
Result: Knowledge
‘about’ the language.
(as in tests)
LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS






GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD:
Earliest method- grammar rules, vocabulary lists,
memorization, focus on written language not spoken.
AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD:
Emphasis on the spoken language, language was viewed
as a ‘habit’, to be learned by the use of drills, repetition,
and imitation.
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES:
The recent development in second language learning, focus
on using the language to communicate.
TRANSFER

1.
2.
Using sounds, expressions, or structures
from the first language L1 when using
the second language L2.
Negative transfer: when the L1
transfer is different and results in a
mistake (adjective after noun)
Positive transfer: when the languages
are similar and the learner transfers
knowledge that results in correct forms.
INPUT

1.
2.
The language that the
learner is exposed to
that is beneficial for
learning.
Foreigner talk: native
speakers modify their
language to
communicate with the
learner.
Negotiated input:
when the learner asks
for clarification. P.168
&
OUTPUT



Is meaningful interaction
between the learner
and speakers of the
language.
It is one of the most
difficult things to
provide in the language
classroom.
Communicative
approaches try to give
students this opportunity.
LANGUAGE AND
REGIONAL VARIATION
P.194-202
LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHY
Investigating aspects of
language variation based on
where the language is used
(Region or country).
 DIALECTOLOGY:
 The study of different dialects
of the same language that
could be similar or very
different.

DEFINING TERMS






STANDARD LANGUAGE:
The version of a language that is accepted as the official
language of the country. (used in newspapers, TV, books,
schools)
ACCENT:
Aspects of the pronunciation of language that identify
where the speaker is from regionally or socially.
DIALECT:
Features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects
of pronunciation that are different among speakers.
ISOGLOSSES & DIALECT BOUNDARIES


The boundary
between areas with
regard to one
particular linguistic
item.
P.197

When a number of
isoglosses come
together to form a
thick line they become
a dialect boundary.
PIDGINS

A variety of language
that developed for
practical purposes such
as trade among
people who needed to
communicate with each
other but didn’t know
each other’s
languages. P.201
&
CREOLES

When a pidgin
develops beyond its
use as a trade or
contact language and
becomes the first
language of a social
community.
PIDGINS





An Eglish pidgin is a
language that was
based on English.
Limited vocabulary.
No inflectional suffixes
(plural –s)
Syntax of the
language is different.
P.202
CREOLES



A creole develops as
the first language of
children of pidgin
speakers.
Vocabulary elements
of pidgins become
grammatical elements.
It has native speakers.