Download Chapter 17 - Mrs. Eggleston

Chapter 17
Diseases and Parasites of
Beef Cattle
Objectives
• Explain the importance of maintaining
healthy beef cattle
• Identify and recommend prevention and
treatment for beef cattle diseases and
parasites common to the local area
Objectives (cont.)
• Recognize and suggest controls for
common nutritional health disorders of
beef cattle in the local area
Herd Health Plan
• Key to success of a health plan is
prevention of problems
• Develop a good working relationship with
a veterinarian
• Observation can help with early detection
• Better to prevent health problems than to
try to cure them
Diseases
• Anthrax
– Cause: bacteria
– Infection results from grazing infected
pastures
– Symptoms: sudden death or high fever,
sudden staggering, trembling, collapse
• Death follows shortly after
– Treatment: vaccines can be used for control
Diseases (cont.)
• Anthrax (cont.)
Diseases (cont.)
• Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
– Cause: virus
– Affects cells lining the respiratory system
– Symptoms: respiratory system is weakened,
becomes vulnerable to other viruses, bacteria
– Treatment: a combination vaccine
Diseases (cont.)
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
– Cause: prion
– Affects the central nervous system of cattle
– Sometimes called mad cow disease
– Symptoms: aggression, nervousness,
abnormal posture, difficulty in rising and lying
down, loss of body weight, etc.
– Treatment: none; animals eventually die
Diseases (cont.)
• Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
– Cause: virus
– Appears in mild, acute, chronic forms
– Symptoms: fever, coughing, nasal discharge,
slow gains, rapid breathing, diarrhea, mouth
ulcers, lameness, dehydration
– Treatment: no cure; treat diarrhea, infections
– Prevention: modified live virus vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Blackleg
– Cause: bacteria
– Infected soil: spores enter body through
mouth or wounds
– Symptoms: sudden death, lameness, swollen
muscles, inability to stand
– Treatment: massive doses of antibiotics
– Prevention: vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Brucellosis
– Cause: microorganism
– Dangerous to humans, can cause Malta fever
– Symptoms: abortion, retain afterbirth, sterility,
reduced milk, enlarged testicles
– Treatment: no cure
– Prevention: good management practices;
calves should be vaccinated
Diseases (cont.)
• Calf Enteritis (Scours)
– Cause: virus
– Affects young calves (under 2 months)
– Symptoms: shock, cold in nose, ears, legs,
diarrhea, weight loss, sudden death
– Treatment: antibiotics, sulfa drugs
– Prevention: proper sanitation, vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Campylobacteriosis
– Reproductive disease also known as vibriosis
– Intestinal and venereal form, venereal more
serious
– Symptoms: abortion, infertility, irregular heat
– Treatment: possibly antibiotics
– Prevention: vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Foot-and-Mouth Disease
– Cause: virus
– Affects cloven-hoofed animals, spreads easily
– Symptoms: loss of appetite, fever, blisters in
mouth and on feet, lameness, death
– Treatment: no cure
– Prevention: vaccination, destroying infected
animals
Diseases (cont.)
• Foot-and-Mouth
Disease (cont.)
Diseases (cont.)
• Foot Rot
– Cause: bacteria, fungi, and other organisms
– Symptoms: lameness, loss of appetite, fever,
depression, death
– Treatment: massive doses of antibiotics or
sulfa drugs
– Prevention: no vaccine, sanitation, good
drainage, spreading lime
Diseases (cont.)
• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
– Cause: virus
– Can affect respiratory system, genitals, eyes,
brain, and nervous system
– Symptoms: fever, nasal discharge, inflammation
of vagina, vulva swelling, blisters, lack of muscle
control, convulsions, death
– Prevention: vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Johne’s Disease (paratuberculosis)
– Cause: bacteria
– Causes a thickening of the intestine wall
– Symptoms: rarely shows signs, mistaken for
diarrhea, loss of weight and eventually death
– Diagnosed with a Johnin test
– Prevention/treatment: culling diseased calves
to prevent further problems
Diseases (cont.)
• Johne’s Disease (cont.)
Diseases (cont.)
• Leptospirosis
– Cause: bacteria
– Some infected cattle show no symptoms
– Symptoms: acute cases show sudden
temperature rise, rapid breathing, appetite
loss, bloody urine, jaundice, diarrhea, abortion
– Prevention: proper sanitation, isolation of new
animals, vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Listeriosis
– Cause: germ
– Common in animals fed low-quality silage
– Affects the brain
– Symptoms: fever, appetite loss, difficulty
standing, droopiness, animal wandering,
death
– Prevention: proper sanitation, no vaccine
Diseases (cont.)
• Listeriosis (cont.)
Diseases (cont.)
• Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis)
– Cause: organism
– Seldom deadly, causes economic loss as
affected body parts condemned at harvest
– Affects jaw, surrounding bony part of head
– Symptoms: tumors, lumps on jaw
– Prevention: ensure no sharp objects in
pasture or feedlot
Diseases (cont.)
• Malignant Edema
– Symptoms, control, treatment similar to those
for blackleg
Diseases (cont.)
• Pinkeye
– Cause: insects
– Affects eyeball, cornea becomes cloudy
– Symptoms: corneal cloudiness, ulcers may
develop, blindness may result
– Treatment: isolation, antibiotics, sulfa drugs
– Prevention: control flies and insects;
vaccinations are now available
Diseases (cont.)
• Pinkeye (cont.)
Diseases (cont.)
• Prolapse in Cattle
– Abnormal repositioning of a body part from its
normal position
– Types include vaginal and uterine
– Vaginal: caused by pressure during
pregnancy
– Uterine: occurs after calving and must be
treated immediately to avoid death
Diseases (cont.)
• Ringworm
– Skin disease: can spread to animals, humans
– Symptoms: scaly patches of skin that lack hair
– Affected areas clear up, but infection may
spread to other parts of the body
– Treatment: iodine tincture or ammonium
– Prevention: proper sanitation
Diseases (cont.)
• Shipping Fever
– Cause: stress, viral and bacterial infections
– Affects respiratory tract of animal
– Symptoms: depression, droopy ears, nasal
discharge, watery eyes, appetite loss,
diarrhea, weight loss, difficulty breathing
– Prevention/treatment: vaccination, antibiotics,
good feedlot management, careful handling
Diseases (cont.)
• Trichomoniasis
– Cause: protozoan
– Venereal disease, infects the genital tract and
transmitted during breeding
– Symptoms: early abortion, low fertility, heat
irregularity, infection of uterus
– Treatment: no treatment for bulls
– Prevention: no vaccination; use clean bulls
Diseases (cont.)
• Warts
– Cause: virus
– Spread by contact
– Treatment: warts may be clipped off, or
treated with different acids or oils
– Prevention: disinfecting pens and rubbing
posts; vaccination
Diseases (cont.)
• Wooden Tongue (Actinobacillosis)
– Seldom fatal, causes economic loss when
animal is harvested
– Causes lesions on soft tissues around head,
swelling of lymph glands of the neck
– Spread by contaminated animals through
feed.
– Treatment: animal isolation, surgery
External Parasites
• Include flies, lice, mites, and ticks
• Chemical, biological, mechanical, and
cultural control methods can be used to
control external parasites
• Proper sanitation also helps with control
and prevention
External Parasites (cont.)
• Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitos
– Bloodsuckers
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Horn Fly
Stable Fly
Horsefly
Deerfly
Blackfly
Mosquitoes
External Parasites (cont.)
• Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitos (cont.)
– Irritation flies
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Screwworm Fly
Housefly
Face Fly
Heel Fly
External Parasites (cont.)
• Lice
– One species of biting lice and four types of
bloodsuckers that attack beef
– Population low in summer, higher in fall, winter
– Symptoms: constant rubbing, bloodsuckers
weaken cattle
– Control through insecticides
– Treat in late fall or early winter
External Parasites (cont.)
• Mites
– Live on skin or burrow into skin
– Cause condition of scab, mange, or itch
– Population lowest in the summer
– Symptoms: small pimply areas on skin;
restlessness; rubbing, scratching, licking of
affected area
– Treatment/prevention same as for lice
External Parasites (cont.)
• Ticks
– Serious pests to cattle in parts of U.S.
– Bloodsuckers that transmit serious disease
– Can cause scabby skin condition, injury
– Symptoms: rubbing, scratching affected area
– Ear ticks controlled by dipping/treating ears
individually, others similar to lice treatment
Internal Parasites
• Most common are
– Anaplasma
– Coccidia
– Flatworms
– Roundworms
Internal Parasites (cont.)
• Anaplasma
– Cause: protozoan parasite
– Destroys red blood cells
– Spread by various biting insects
– Symptoms: anemia, weight loss, difficulty
breathing, abortion, death
– Prevention: reduce insect populations
– Treatment: antibiotics
Internal Parasites (cont.)
• Coccidia
– Protozoan that live in the intestinal lining
– Cause irritation of intestinal wall and bleeding
– Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, weakness, and
going off feed
– Treatment: sulfa drugs and antibiotics
– Prevention: proper sanitation
Internal Parasites (cont.)
• Flatworms
– Include tapeworms and liver flukes
– Symptoms: diarrhea, weight loss, limping,
weakness in hind quarters
– Treatment: typically not successful, though
new treatments being tested
– Prevention: feeding cattle on paved lots,
pasturing away from streams, ponds, swamps
Internal Parasites (cont.)
• Roundworms
– Include eight different types of worms
– Stomach worms are the most serious
– Symptoms: anemia, weakness, constipation,
diarrhea, sometimes bottle jaw
– Treatment: several chemicals, boluses,
drenches, or feed additives
– Prevention: good sanitation
Nutritional Health Problems
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Bloat
Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema
Brisket Disease
Enterotoxemia (overeating disease)
Fescue Toxicity
Fluorosis
Nutritional Health Problems (cont.)
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Founder
Grass Tetany
Hardware Disease
Nitrate Poisoning
Photosensitization
Poisonous Plants
Nutritional Health Problems (cont.)
• Urinary Calculi
• Rumenititis
• White Muscle