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SNOLAB
Experimental Advisory Committee
Barry Barish
SNOLAB Workshop
May 12-14, 2004
A New Opportunity
To: The Scientific Community
Re: A Request for Letters of Interest in Staging Experiments
at SNOLAB
Dear Colleagues,
SNOLAB, an international facility for underground science, is
being developed 2 km underground in INCO's Creighton mine
near Sudbury Ontario, Canada. Establishing this
facility provides us with new and exciting opportunities in
underground science and we look forward to working with you
to make SNOLAB a success.
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A New Opportunity
The development of this underground facility and its associated
surface facilities is funded by ~$50M from various resources in
Canada and in the Province of Ontario. SNOLAB will be developed
near the existing SNO experiment with a joint clean area
encompassing the full facility. The establishment of SNOLAB will
provide opportunities to carry out the best of the next generation
of international underground experiments that will benefit from the
depth and from laboratory cleanliness conditions similar to those
demonstrated in the existing SNO laboratory. The 6000 meterwater-equivalent depth under a flat overburden results in excellent
shielding from cosmic radiation and its progenies. SNOLAB will have
the lowest muon flux among operating facilities.
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SNO Laboratory
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SNOLAB Workshop
• 2000 m rock overburden
• Almost flat surface
• Surface support facilities
• Vertical access
• Main cavity ~10,000m3
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Solar neutrino oscillation
!
SNOLAB Concept
Rectangular Hall
60x50x50 ft
Phase 2
Cryogenic Hall
Ladder Labs -Machine shop,
Low background
SNO cavity
New Experiment?
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Why New Labs Deep Underground?
• A clean, quiet and isolated setting is needed to study
rare phenomena free from environmental background.
Such a setting can be obtained only deep underground,
where we can escape the rain of cosmic rays from outer
space.
– Why do neutrinos have tiny masses and how do they transform into one
another?
– Are the existence and stability of ordinary matter related to neutrino
properties?
– Are there additional types of neutrinos?
– What is the mysterious dark matter and how much of it is neutrinos?
– What role do neutrinos play in the synthesis of the elements in the
periodic table?
– Is there a deeper simplicity underlying the forces and particles we
see?
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Underground Laboratories
Variation of the flux
of cosmic-ray muons
with overburden.
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Scientific Motivation
• Neutrino Properties
– Solar Neutrinos
– Long Baseline Experiments
– Double Beta Decay
• Dark Matter
• Proton Decay
• Neutrinos, Solar Energy, and the Formation of
the Elements
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One Depth Suits All?
• Cosmic rays create background events that mask the
critical events being searched for.
– It takes two miles of rock to absorb the most energetic of the
muons created by cosmic ray protons striking the earth's
atmosphere
– At such great depths, the only backgrounds are made by
neutrinos (which easily penetrate the whole earth but, by the
same token, interact very seldom) and by local radioactivity in
the rock itself
– Some experiments do not require the greatest depths, while
for other experiments there is no option but depth and
extreme cleanliness.
• The SNOLAB facility will provide new opportunities
at deep depths and we seek a scientific program to
take advantage of that unique feature
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Underground Laboratories
Variation of the flux
of cosmic-ray muons
with overburden.
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KamLAND
Kamioka Observatory
(operated by
Tohoku Univ.)
100m
SuperKamiokande
XMASS R&D
Tokyo Dark Matter exp
Plot type GW detectors
• 1000 m rock overburden
• The mine is no more active
• Support facilities on the surface
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20m×20m
100m×100m (Cryogenic)
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Underground Laboratories
Variation of the flux
of cosmic-ray muons
with overburden.
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INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory
• 1400 m rock overburden
• Flat cross-section
• Underground area
18 000 m2
• Support facilities on the surface
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Gran Sasso Scientific Program
Neutrinos from CERN (CNGS)
OPERA
Observe
τ-decay
Neutrinos from the Sun
GNO
Low energy
solar neutrino
exp with 30ton
Ga.
Em: 36tons,
Pb: 2ktons
ICARUS (600ton → 3000ton)
BOREXINO
Real time
measurement
of 7Be ν.
m stop and decay in e
It will start
soon.
(data taken at the surface)
Neutrinos
from the atmosphereSNOLAB Workshop LENS proposal
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MONOLITH not approved
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Gran Sasso Scientific Program
Neutrinos from Supernovae
LVD
1kton liq
scintillator
detector
Double beta decay experiments
Enriched Ge (Heidelberg-Moscow)
Cryogenic techniques (Cuorecino,
TeO2)
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Search for non baryonic dark matter
Several complementary
experiments
Example:
DAMA 100kg
NaI detector
Nuclear reactions (two accelerators, 40
and 400keV)
Fusion reactions in the Sun
Anomalous screening in metals
(LUNA-2)
The lab is also used for studies of
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geology and biology.
Underground Laboratories
Variation of the flux
of cosmic-ray muons
with overburden.
Proposed Multipurpose
Underground Laboratory
in the U.S.
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Proposed U.S. Underground
Laboratory -- Present Context
• Compelling case has been established for the broad range
of science (physics, astrophysics, biology, geology and
national security) at a deep underground laboratory.
• The case validated by a number of studies, including
– two National Research Council (NRC) reports
– a soon-to-be-released National Science and Technology
Council report prepared by the Interagency Working Group
on the Physics of the Universe.
• Proposals for Homestake mine, San Jacinto and Soudan
• NSF carried out a site review process and selected
Homestake as the most promising site.
• Since that review, however, the pumps have been turned
off at Homestake, and the mine is now flooding.
• Moreover, additional sites have been put forth.
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Proposed U.S. Underground
Laboratory -- Process at NSF
• The Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
(MPS) has moved to put in place a deliberate process
that has NSF working with the community to develop a
course of action that will realize the scientific
opportunities before us.
• In broad outline, NSF process consists of
• returned the submitted site proposals without prejudice
• informational meeting held at NSF to describe roadmap and to
receive community feedback - 29 March 2004;
• work with the Department of Energy (DOE) to develop
mechanisms for selecting and jointly funding underground
science experiments
• issue a series of up to three solicitations for planning grants
beginning this spring.
• Underground science community is joining toward making
one joint proposal to NSF for an underground laboratory
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Proposed U.S. Underground
Laboratory -- Process at NSF
• Concerning the solicitations
– the purpose of the first is to provide funds to one or more
groups to develop detailed science modules reflecting the
range of science opportunities noted above and to specify
the associated infrastructure requirements.
– The second solicitation, issued at the same time, would fund
several site development studies.
– The final solicitation, a year or more into the future, would
provide funds to develop underground laboratory proposals
combining site infrastructure with a suite of initial science
experiments for NSF consideration.
• The third solicitation would only occur if MPS and its
partners determined that timely construction of a major
new facility is needed to realize the scientific
opportunities..
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Underground Laboratories
Variation of the flux
of cosmic-ray muons
with overburden.
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Experimental Advisory Committee
The SNOLAB Experiment Advisory Committee (EAC) is an expert
and advisory panel to review Letters-of-Interest from the scientific
community and, eventually, proposals for projects at SNOLAB and
provide advice to the SNOLAB Director on priorities for siting
experiments in the laboratory. The objectives of the EAC are:
a) develop an experimental program of the highest scientific merit,
b) study in detail the technical feasibility of individual projects,
c) prioritize projects for siting in SNOLAB, taking into account time
lines for the projects as well as scientific merit, and
d) consider proposals for allocation of development space for
programs that require such space for research and development.
Members of the EAC should be representative of the Canadian and
international community active on underground science and have good
knowledge of the scientific areas under consideration.
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SNOLAB EAC Membership
Barry Barish ... Chair ... Caltech
Baha Balantekin ... Univ Wisconsin, Madison
Cliff Burgess ... McGill
Takaaki Kajita ... ICRR Tokyo
John Martin ... Toronto
Ken Ragan ... McGill
Kate Scholberg ... MIT
Dave Wark ... Imperial College
Andrew Hime …. ex-officio (Associate Director
for Scientific Development and Chair of the
Scientific Executive Committee (SEC)).
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Letters of Intent
Experiment: COBRA
Contact: Kai Zuber
Scope: Double Beta Decay
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Received
Experiment: Majorana
Contact: Steve Elliott
Scope: Double Beta Decay
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Received
Experiment: GERDA
Contact: Iris Abt
Scope: Double Beta Decay
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Expected
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Experiment: EXO
Contact: Giorgio Gratta
Scope: Double Beta Decay
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Expected
---------------------------Experiment: SNO with Scintillator
Contact: Mark Chen
Scope: Solar Neutrinos
and Double Beta Decay
Workshop Presentation: Yes ...
with McDonald & Caccianiga
LOI: Received
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Letters of Intent
Experiment: Lithium Detector
Contact: Anatoly Kopylov
Scope: Solar Neutrinos
Workshop Presentation: No
LOI: Received
--------------------Experiment: CDMS
Contact: Dan Akerib
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Note from Dan Akerib
Experiment: Noble Liquid Tracking Detector
Contact: Bill Willis
Scope: Solar Neutrinos
Experiment: ZEPLIN
Workshop Presentation: Yes
Contact: Nigel Smith
LOI: Received
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
Experiment: CLEAN
LOI: Expected
Contact: Dan McKinsey
Scope: Solar Neutrinos and Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Expected
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Letters of Intent
Experiment: PICASSO
Contact: Viktor Zacek
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Expected
Experiment: XENON
Contact: Tom Shutt
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: Received
Experiment: DRIFT
Contact: Jeff Martoff
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: No
--------------------Experiment: HALO
Contact: Charles Duba
Scope: Supernova Neutrinos
Workshop Presentation: Yes
LOI: No
Experiment: DRIFT-III
Contact: Neil Spooner
Scope: Dark Matter
Workshop Presentation: No
LOI: Received
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Goals: Dirac or Majorana particle?
Majorana : The neutrino
is its own antiparticle
Ettore Majorana
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Solar Neutrinos – The Future
In the standard solar model the flux from the pp reaction
is predicted to an accuracy of 1%. Further, the total flux
is related directly to the measured solar optical luminosity.
Such a copious and well-understood source of neutrinos is
ideal for precisely determining the neutrino masses and
mixings.
It also affords a way to search for hypothesized sterile
neutrinos as much as a million times lighter than those
explored by present experiments, provided they mixed
sufficiently with the active neutrinos.
Unfortunately, the pp neutrinos have very low energies
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Dark Matter – Direct Searches
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EAC Goal
• Work with SNOLAB and the community to develop the most
promising program for the new laboratory taking into account:
– Science potential is the highest priority!
– The approved program must have significant discovery potential and
strong collaborations to obtain funding
– The experiments should take advantage of the uniqueness of great
depth at SNOLAB
– The program should be determined in the context of other plans
worldwide.
– R&D toward proposals not yet mature should be accommodated
where possible.
• EAC will provide strategic and technical guidance, in order to construct
a deep underground laboratory expeditiously and in synergy with a
world class research program.
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