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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science MODULE I – MAMMALIAN GENETICS AND GENOMICS No Topic 1. Genomics of fat tissue accumulation in mammals 2. Genome organization of livestock species 3. Hereditary diseases of domestic animals distribution, consequences and diagnostics 4. Mammalian epigenetics 5. Mapping of mammalian quantitative traits Topic content Accumulation of adipose (fat) tissue is an important issue for human health issue (obesity), as well as, for meat production. It is known that heritability of fat accumulation is oscillating around 0.5, thus knowledge of the contributing genetic factor is very important. In this lecture an update knowledge on DNA polymorphism associated with polygenically controlled accumulation of fat tissue (human, pig, cattle, dog), as well as, monogenic cases of obesity (human and mouse) will be presented. During last twenty years an extensive progress of knowledge on genome organization has been achieved. For major livestock species (cattle, pig, horse, chicken) a high resolution marker genome maps and genome sequences were described. This knowledge facilitated development of new molecular tools (e.g. SNP microarray), which are widely used in searching for causative mutation for hereditary diseases, as well as, for estimation of breeding value (so-called genome selection). Wide application of artificial insemination (AI) may promote distribution of undesirable gene mutations responsible for hereditary diseases. A large proportion of these diseases have their counterparts in humans. Identification of the causative mutations bring an opportunity for selection against them by genotyping sires used in AI. In domestic animals numerous mutations (e.g. BLAD and CVM in cattle, MH in pigs, SCID and HYPP in horses, PIS in goats and dozens of them in dogs etc) were described and appropriate diagnostic tests were applied. Epigenomics is a new and rapidly developing field of genomics. It is focused on hereditary modifications of chromatin (DNA methylation, histone modification and nuclear architecture) and RNA interference in relation to gene expression. Altered epigenome may contribute to developmental of genetic diseases as well as phenotypic variability of quantitative traits. Lecture on applied methods leading to identification of genes contributing to quantitative traits important for livestock production. The current views on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits will be presented. Lecturer (contact) hours prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] 2 dr hab. Izabela Szczerbal [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Maciej Szydłowski [email protected] 2 MODULE II – LIVESTOCK SCIENCE No 1. Topic Diagnostics of chromosome abnormalities and its importance in animal breeding Topic content Lecturer (contact) Hours Chromosome abnormalities are important causes of infertility or decreased fertility. Some of them, causing decreased fertility, are inherited (e.g. translocations) and thus can be spread in a population, especially if artificial insemination is used. Among abnormalities of chromosome number (aneuploidies) prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] 2 2. How genomic revolution changes the life of cows? 3. Learning and memory in honey bees 4. Phytase and phytate in animal nutritioncurrent status and perspectives 5. Broiler chicken nutrition and flock management 6. 7. Rumen microbes as mutual supporters in improving the quality of milk - can milk help to lose weight? Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants - possibilities of environmental pollution reduction the most important are those concerning sex chromosomes. In some species they are frequently observed (e.g. X chromosome monosomy in mares). Diagnosis of such abnormalities is carried out with the use of chromosome banding techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization. On organization of dairy cattle breeding, principles of genomic selection and genomic revolution in breeding programs Elemental and higher-order (contextual learning, categorization etc.) learning in honey bees, behavioral flexibility in the response to learning, classical Pavlovian conditioning protocol for the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex. Lameness/leg disorders in broiler chickens and osteoporosis/egg breakage in laying hens are important problems in modern poultry production systems. It is well documented that phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for poultry. However its global resources are much limited and many independent reports show that monocalcium phosphate will be finished within 40-50 years. Moreover P excretion from farms is an important factor in environment pollution. Therefore, exogenous phytase, increasing bioavailability of dietary P is probably one of the most commonly used additives in feed industry worldwide. Thus the aim of the lecture is to provide an overview of the phytic acid and phytase role in broiler poultry nutrition. Broiler chicken production is a very intensive run in 42 days distance. Every problem occurring during this short period, effects birds’ performance thus potential profit of the farmer. Many types of bacterial enteritis has for decades been controlled by preventive or therapeutic use of antibiotics, however it has as well been generally accepted that these practices are highly critically which led to the restriction in use of antibiotic growth promoters. Thus the aim of the lecture is to provide an overview of nutritional as well as management strategies to improve birds’ performance in terms of the welfare, gut disorders and performance. Rumen microbial metabolism. Lipolysis and biohydrogenation. Formation of biologically active compounds e.g. isomers of conjugated linoleic acid - active against so called ‘westerm diseases’, including obesity. Possibility of improving milk antiobesity properties. Rumen microbiota: methanogens, protozoa, bacteria. Reactions of rumen methane production. Modulation of rumen microbial populations to mitigate methane production and emission – decrease of environmental pollution. dr hab. Tomasz Strabel, prof. nadzw. [email protected] 2 dr Aleksandra Łangowska [email protected] 2 dr hab. Damian Józefiak, prof. nadzw. [email protected] 2 dr hab. Damian Józefiak, prof. nadzw. [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Malgorzata SzumacherStrabel [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Adam Cieślak [email protected] 2 MODULE III – DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY No 1. Topic Topic content Lecturer (contact) Hours Genetics of disorders of sexual development (DSD) in mammals Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are widely distributed in humans and domestic mammals. These abnormalities, leading to infertility, are mainly caused by chromosome or gene mutations. Some of DSD, caused by recessive gene mutations, can be widely distributed – e.g. sex reversal syndrome in dogs, goats and horses ( XX testicular or ovotesiticular prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] DSD). On the other hand, the main type of DSD in cattle develops due to placental anastomoses between heterosexual twins (so-called freemartins). prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński [email protected] 2 2. Developmental potential (quality) of in vitro produced bovine embryos - how far can we go? 3. Embryo transfer (ET) – procedure and implications to cattle breeding 4. Kisspeptin: consensus knowledge and recent development 5. To be or not to be? 6. Embryo derived stem cells - potential for farm animal research The main question to be answered by this lecture is “Is the IVF procedure an alternative source of embryos to cattle breeding?” Several factors influencing developmental potential (quality) of bovine oocytes and embryos produced in vitro will be presented (eg oocyte and follicle diameter, culture conditions, donor puberty, chromosomal make up, transcript content) and discussed in relation to in vivo derived embryos (“gold standard”). The importance of reduced quality of IVF oocytes/embryos to assisted reproduction technologies and cattle breeding will be discussed. Embryo transfer (ET) is considered a key biotechnology for increasing the reproductive efficiency of the female. Although the procedure is of special importance to cattle breeders , a growing interest has been noticed also in the horse. The conventional ET procedure (embryo flushing from superovulated donors followed by embryo transfer to synchronized recipients) has been currently extended to embryos produced in vitro from oocytes collected from a living animal by the ovum-pick up method (OPU). The donors of non-mature oocytes collected by OPU are usually heifers of known genetic potential (genomic selection program). The lecture will present the procedure and current state of art in this field. The discovery of kisspeptin reproduction revolutionized field of reproduction. The crucial role of this peptide in governing the reproduction and alterations in this system leading to various abnormalities of the reproductive functions will be discussed. Lecture on birth of neuronal cells, neurogenesis and cell death. Lecture on birth of neuronal cells, neurogenesis and cell death. This lecture will be deliver keeping in mind a slim line between cells survival and cells death in organisms. External and internal factors, which influence survival and death of cells will be discussed. The recent advances in the field of adult neurogenesis will be presented. Stem cell research offers new grounds for farm animal research, both for basic studies and for commercial farm animal production. In order to be able to establish and maintain in culture stable stem cell lines, we need to unravel the mechanisms that govern embryonic pluripotency. Despite the effort of many groups, still little is known about cell fate decisions during early farm animal development. The advances in science and the prospects of stem cell research in medicine and animal biotechnology have shifted the focus of interest of developmental biology from being purely cognitive to applicable. Especially bovine embryos emerge as a great objects to study, since their preimplantation development shares many similarities with human. The understanding of processes that govern cell fate decisions during bovine pre-implantation development is fundamental if we want to obtain true bovine embryonic stem cells (bESC). Such lines are pluripotent and are defined by unlimited self-renewal capacity in vitro, ability to populate all three germinal layers of the embryo and to contribute to the formation of germ cells. Until now only bESC-like cell lines have been reported. Thus bovine embryos are going to be presented as the main model of farm animal ESC research. prof. dr hab. Dorota Cieślak [email protected] 2 prof. dr hab. Dorota Cieślak [email protected] 2 dr hab. Joanna Śliwowska [email protected] 2 dr hab. Joanna Śliwowska [email protected] 2 dr Zofia Madeja [email protected] 2