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1
CHINA
2
Post-Classical China(1000B.C.E-500c.e)
3
Politics

Shang - decentralized

Zhou(1029-258 B.C.E)


“Middle kingdom” (Yangtze to Huang)-ethnocentrism

No central gov’t instead alliances with regional princes
Qin(221-202 B.C.E)


Shi-huangdi~centralized gov’t, Great wall, Mandate of
Heaven, strong unification & expansion south
Han(202 B.C.E- 220 C.E.)

power=Mandate of Heaven, Civil service exams,

Wu Ti- Golden age, kept Huns out, expansion
4
Economy

Large differences between high and low class

Three main groups:

Landowning aristocracy & Bureaucrats

Laboring peasants and artisans

“mean people” unskilled labor jobs

Rice, silk, wheat and trade with India + spice islands

Merchants had low standing
5
Religion
•
Confucianism, Daoism,
legalism, Buddhism
•
Confucianism= mutual
respect and eventually
became the foundation
of bureaucracy
-HAN Dynasty somewhat
ZHOU
•
Daoism- balance with
nature founded by Laozi
•
Legalism- Qin dynasty &
best gov’t = by force
6
Culture

Technological advances like calendar, astronomy
and seismographs

ART- pottery/calligraphy

Social structure- aristocratic and merit

Patriarchy

High knowledge of science

Mandarin language
7
Interaction

Silk road ~ India, Mesopotamia,
Greece

Little allances

Spread of Buddhism due to trade with
India

Huns

Ethnocentrism~ all non-Chinese=
Barbarians
8
Comparison with the outside
China


Differences
India

Differences

Emphasis on Gov’t

Emphasis on religion

Confucianism

Mainly Hinduism/Buddhism

Locked up and small
market econ

Huge market/trade econ
Similarities

Rigid social structure

No slaves

Similarities

Rigid social structure

No slaves
9
Post Classical time(600c.e.-1450)
POLITICS

After Han, China= three kingdoms: Northern Zhou,
Chen, and The Northern Qi

Wendi~ Sui -married daughter to zhou empire

Yangdi~(son of Wendi) milder legal codes,
Confucianism, civil service exam~luxury=decline

TANG~ Li Yuan revived bureaucracy, civil service
exams

Hereditary aristocracy declined

Tang & Song-Scholar-gentry increased
10
Economic






Grand Canal by Yangdi
Tang promoted Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic
exchange
Merchants traded
Junks
Flying money or credit vouchers
Inventions like wheelbarrow helped plowing,
planting, etc
11
Religion

Buddhism strong especially Chan or Zen

Wide-spread conversions and monasteries

Empress Wu= attempt commission Buddhism as
state religion

Envy of Confucius/ Daoist


Mid-9th Cent. Emperor Wuzong= persecution of
Buddhism
Confucianism flourished in Tang and Song
Culture


Neo-Confucianism-women=homemakers

Confinement of women, chastity for wives

Like India widows can’t remarry

Foot-binding
Song & Tang technology, art &literature


Gunpowder, chairs, calculator(abascus) & compass~ Song
Scholar-gentry~ artistic and literary creativety
12
13
Interactions

Reopening of Silk road

Increased interaction with India, Persia, and Central
Asia


Imports: Horses, Persian rugs, tapestries

Exports: silk, textiles, porcelain, paper
Merchants traded with other countries and
transported it to China
14
Continuites and Changes
Continuites


There were multiple
continuities like
Confucianism based civil
service exams and
Bureaucracy.
Women also continued to
have a subordinate role.
Change

Buddhism became popular
during this time period
whereas before it was
unknown to China

The merchant class’ role
became more important to
that of Chinese economy.
15
Early modern
Times(14501750c.e)
•
Song dynasty fell to Mongol
invasion leading to the Yuan
dynasty in 1271 by Kublai
Khan
•
Kublai discontinued civil
service exams but
surrounded by Confucius,
Buddhist, and Taoist scholars
•
Wife Chabi = promotion of
Buddhism
16
Political

Ming dynasty(1368-1644)

Founded: Zhu Yuan Zhang revolted against Yuan

He eradicated all Mongol evidence like dress(skirts and
leather), names

Bureaucracy and Confucianism revived

Emperor Hongwu=power for himself eradicated
ministery


Anyone corrupt= public beating
Decline of Ming due to political inbalance
17
Economy


Zhenghe(1405-1423)~ third Ming emperor

7 huge expeditions throughout world: Persia, Arabia,
East indies, and East/south of Africa

Huge fleets(six times larger than European)

Isolation after due to Ethnocentrism, too much money
in that it can be used to fix internal problems
Trade allowed in Macao and Canton

Trade=high Europeans loved silk and spices

Also architecture became huge
Religion


Buddhism rose due to the rise in completion

Morality books with lots of merits points for good deeds

Hand in hand with Confucianism
Daoism


Supported by emperor
Christianity by Italian Jesuits 1583 Michael Ruggerius
& Matteo ricci w/ knowledge of math and Science
18
Culture

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted art work

Bureaucracy= lots of Scholar-gentry w/ free time
pursued art careers

Time of peace meant more display opportunities

Confucianism impacted culture~ sayings, art,etc

Buddhism and Taoism had little impact for not as
popular as Confucianism
19
20
Interaction

Zenghe’s Expedition With huge fleets

Isolationism

Europeans with Christianity flowing into China

Ethnocentrism made Chinese despise foreign rule

Hatred towards Christian converts
21
Continuites and Changes

Continuites

Confucianism
continued to be
major belief in China
and continued to be
the base for civil
service examinations.

Changes

China went from
subtly open country to
completely isolated
country due to the
idea of Ethnocentrism.
22
Modern Period(1750-1914)
23
Politics

Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty)

Last dynasty of China

People unhappy since foreign rule

Qing= Chinese ideas

The Scholar-gentry still in power but
Manchus were the main power

Mandate of Heaven
24
Politics continued

Qing fall

Corrupted Exam system and bribery started it all

Wealthy were put into power again

Confucius value waned

Poor were neglected so lots of robbery

Qing= last dynasty because deprived of needed
change, “barbarians”, and crops brought
population growth

Lin Zexu enforced laws on opium
Economy

Opium

Chinese got hooked & officials had no money for
infrastructure

Lin Zexu enforces laws against opium so British angry

Opium war won by british & Chinese ports forced
open

Taiping Rebellion= Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan
Social order, rights to Women, question
Confucianism

Boxer rebellion = Cixi oust Europe, Japan and
America Failed
25
26
Religion

Confucianism is still there but weakening due to
corruption

Christianity brought into China

Chinese despised foreign influence

Converts looked down upon

Barely excepted after two Italian Christians brought it
over
27
Culture

Women treated horribly

Infanticide

Males marry lower class women to keep woman under
control

Mandate of heaven

Art and architecture
28
Interactions

Lots of Foreign interaction
 Europeans
 This
made them realize they are not
at the top
 Technology
was easy

level low so conquering
New religions brought over to China
29
Continuites and Changes
Continuites

Although there was foreign
rule in China, Confucianism
still continued to be the
main belief that everyone
followed.
Change

China was forced out of
the isolation that had once
been in action and had to
trade with Europeans
without their consent.
30
Opium war
31
Industrial
age(20th centpresent)
•
Present-day Hong kong
pictured on the right.
Politics

Beginning= End of Puyi the last of the Qing

China in Chaos

Students and Teachers factor in China

Japan= constant threat~ Revolutionary alliance but failed

Japan took German land

May 4th= Liberal Democracy movement but students =
radical communist

1921 communist party born

MAO ZEDONG communist leader considered a hero and ideas
of moving forward and cultural revolution

DENG XIAOPING promoted economic reform and opened
China to the world
32
33
Mao Zedong
34
Economic

Technological developments only some

Plants used in factories

Productivity growth by 1949


Match by the growing population of China
Foreign trade involvement rose
35
Religion

Confucianism is the most popular still throughout
China

Buddhism and Islam in China of the Hui and Uyghur

Freedom of religion

Buddhism widely influential throughout China

Taoist about 300 Taoist temples spread across China

Others are Ancestor soul existence and the Chinese
astrology is popular
36
Religion

Buddhism

Taoist
37
Culture

Chinese new year a huge parade

Clothing and ornaments like Dragon robe

Folk art

Chinese zodiac

New year market selling fireworks, clothing and
usually decorated with lots of lanterns
38
Culture
Chinese new year
Chinese Zodiac
39
Interactions

Foreign trade

Ministry of Foreign affairs like other nations

U.S. used Mainland China as counter to the Soviet
Union

China and U.S. are rivals in many areas today
including economy

U.S. – China trade largest in the world
40
Continuities and Changes
Continuites

Even through the modern
times, Confucianism stays
strong as the major belief of
most Chinese population
today.
Changes

The gov’t went from a
single ruler with Mandate of
Heaven to slowly
developing Communist
gov’t.