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Chapter 29 Circulatory System Blood Components Blood separates into a fluid portion and a formed element portion __Plasma__________ (fluid portion): Makes up about 60% of blood volume water, proteins, electrolytes, gasses, nutrients, waste, hormones __Formed elements________________: Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Functions of Blood substances throughout the body Carries______ oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones _Protects__ the body from infectious diseases white blood cells are the bodies first defense against organisms attacking the body Proteins Protein portion is divided into three types: _Albumin_________-draws water into the bloodstream and helps in providing hydration to the body _Globulin_________- provide antibodies to help prevent disease _Fibrinogen_________ aids in clotting blood If the clotting proteins are removed from plasma the resulting fluid is called serum Blood RBC’s (Erythrocytes or red blood cells) The most abundant blood cell Function: Carry Oxygen to the body______ Erythropoiesis: production of RBC’s in bone marrow Constantly being produced and replaced Hemoglobin_______: contains iron and is responsible for oxygen transport Blood WBC’s-Leukocytes or White Blood Cells_ The body’s main defense against infection 5 Types of WBC’s : Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils Blood Neutrophil_________________ Eat and destroy microorganisms in the tissues Mature cell has a nucleus with segments or divisions Band cells- immature cells that shape a U Band cells indicate infection in the body Most commonly seen cells in the blood Blood Monocyte________________ Become macrophages that eat and destroy organisms at certain locations in the body Remove organisms, dead cells, and foreign particles Give help to the neutrophils Largest of the WBC’s Blood Eosinophil___________ Similar in appearance to neutrophils due to segments in the nucleus but have pink granules Larger number of granules in the cytoplasm-control inflammation Fight against parasites and allergic reactions Blood _Basophil____________ Stain dark, with many granules and a segmented nucleus Involved in allergic reactions Granules contain histamine Blood Lymphocyte_______________ Single nucleus Aid in immune functions Produce antibodies to fight disease Largest part of the blood Blood Platelets Aid in clotting time of the blood After injury to a blood vessel, the vessel constricts Platelets attach at site to plug the hole and decrease bleeding Cell fragments also known as thrombocytes Small dots at site of the t’s The Heart The Heart Located in chest between the lungs Four chambered Valves Thin inner layer of muscle Epicardium Thick wall of the heart, mainly cardiac muscle Endocardium Keep blood flowing in one direction Myocardium right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle Outside thin covering of myocardium Pericardium Thin membrane sac that lines the outside of the heart Protects and maintains the beating action of the heart Circulatory Pathways __Pulmonary: pumps blood to lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Systemic System: delivers blood rich in oxygen and nutrients to the ____body_____________________________ __Hepatic vein_________ carries blood from the internal organs to the liver, where the liver filters out waste. Filtered blood returns to rest of systemic system. Pulmonary System Right Ventricle Right Atrium Relatively thin walled chamber Thicker muscle wall than right atrium As blood fills the atrium it passively flows into the right ventricle When right atrium contracts remaining blood is pumped into right ventricle Right ventricle contracts and blood flows into the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary vein Systemic System Left Atrium Rather thin walled chamber As the atrium fills, blood passively flows into the left ventricle When atrium contracts remaining blood is pumped into left ventricle Left Ventricle Thickest muscular wall of the four chambers because Makes up the point (apex) of the heart Ventricle contracts and blood flows into the aorta and out to the body through the arteries The Heart Veins Carry blood to the heart_from the body___________ Much thinner and less muscular than arteries Contain _valves__________ to keep blood flowing in one direction Pulmonary vein-carries O2 rich blood Arteries Arteries carry blood _away________ from the heart! Arteries carry oxygen rich blood. Except the pulmonary arteries Arterial blood is bright red. Carry nutrients and oxygen Coronary arteries feed the heart Three types of arteries: Aorta Arterioles Pulmonary Veins Veins carry blood __to______ the heart! Veins carry oxygen poor blood Except pulmonary veins Venous blood is _darker______red. Carry waste products for disposal Three types of veins: Vena Cava Venules Pulmonary Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels Walls are made up of cells that allow oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to be exchanged Transition between arteries and veins Blood Flow Vena Cava- returns blood to the heart (oxygen poor blood) Cranial Vena Cava-brings blood from structures in front of the heart Caudal Vena Cava- brings blood from structures behind the heart Then blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium Once the atrium contracts blood flows into the right ventricle (Right atrioventricular valve (AV)- separates the atrium from the ventricle & keeps blood flowing one direction) Blood Flow cont. From the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries From arteries to arterioles to capillaries (in the lungs) to venules to pulmonary veins. Then blood flows from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium Once the atrium contracts blood flows into the left ventricle (Left atrioventricular valve (AV)- separates the atrium from the ventricle & keeps blood flowing in one direction) From the left ventricle out through the aorta and throughout the body via the arteries From arteries to arterioles to capillaries (exchange with tissues occurs) to venules to veins and back to the vena cava WHY Does the Heart Pump? Sinus Bradycardia: Sinus Tachycardia: Normal Sinus Rhythm: PACEMAKER Pacemaker system Controls the heart’s _rhythm__________ Functions to make the heart contract in a highly organized manner Sinoatrial Node (SA node) Specialized group of myocardial cells located here Causes contraction of all cardiac muscle cells “pacemaker” of the heart Electrocardiography Evaluate the rhythm of the heart with an electrocardiogram = ECG or EKG _Electrical activity_______of the heart Letters identify the peaks that relate to the hearts activity and functions Identifies problems with the heart _Sinus____-normal rate and rhythm Electrocardiogram Sinus Rhythm: normal rate and rhythm Arrhythmia: any change in the hearts rhythm or rate _Tachycardia_= heart beating faster than normal _Bradycardia_= heart beating slower than normal Cardiac arrest Heart not contracting appropriately May be from… Atrial fibrillation: pacemaker or SA node not working Ventricular fibrillation: condition causing ventricles to fire electrical currents rapidly, very serious Asystole Heart stops contracting and heart failure occurs Blood Pressure BP measures one complete contraction of the heart in the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure much higher in _arteries_____ than veins Arteries are the vessels used to feel for a pulse When artery is cut blood shoots out spurting with each heart contraction When vein is cut blood flows in a steady stream Cardiac Terms Stroke Volume Volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single cardiac cycle Normally same for right and left ventricles If not, then blood will accumulate in systemic or pulmonary circulation Cardiac Cycle- one complete contraction and relaxation of the heart Common Diseases and Conditions of the Circulatory System Diagnosed through the use of physical exam, radiology, EKG, or ultrasound evaluation Heart Murmur – common, caused by an abnormal valve that produces an abnormal flow of blood that creates a “swishing” noise upon auscultation. Shock Occurs when an animal does not have enough blood and oxygen reaching the tissues May occur with any type of trauma or heart condition Care should be provided immediately Signs: _Cold extremities, weak pulse, pale gums, loss of consciousness__________ Wrap up… Blood- what is it made of? Veins- carry blood from where to where? Arteries- what do they do? What is the flow of blood thru the heart? What is an EKG or ECG? Murmur vs. Arrhythmia, what is the difference? What is shock?
