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Reproductive Systems
Homeostasis
Body systems
maintain
homeostasis
Homeostasis is
essential for
survival of cells
Cells
Cells make up
body systems
Opening
image
Slide 1
Vertebral column
Ureter
Rectum
Urinary
bladder
Seminal vesicle
Pubic
bone
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Ductus
deferens
Anus
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Cords of
erectile
tissue
Scrotum
Glans
penis
Testis
Figure 20.1a
Page 751
Slide 2
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral gland
Ductus
deferens
Penis
Epididymis
Testis
Glans
penis
Urethra
Figure 20.1b
Page 751
Slide 3
Epididymis
Ductus
deferens
Seminiferous
tubules
(See next slide)
Testis
Figure 20.6a
Page 759
Slide 4
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Spermatozoon
Sertoli cell
Spermatids
Secondary
spermatocyte
Primary
spermatocyte
Tight junction
Spermatogonium
Figure 20.6d
Page 759
Slide 5
Stages
Chromosomes
in each cell
Spermatogonium
Spermatogonia
Mitotic
proliferation
Primary
spermatocyte
First meiotic
division
Meiosis
Secondary
spermatocyte
Second meiotic
division
Spermatids
Packaging
Spermatozoa
One daughter cell remains
at the outer edge of the
seminiferous tubule to
maintain the germ cell line
One daughter cell moves
toward the lumen to
produce spermatozoa
46
(diploid number;
single strands)
46
(diploid number;
single strands)
46
(diploid number;
doubled strands)
23
(haploid number;
single strands)
23
(haploid number;
single strands)
23
(haploid number;
doubled strands)
Figure 20.7
Page 760
Slide 6
Acrosome
Microtubules
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Head
Midpiece
Tail
Figure 20.8b
Page 761
Slide 7
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Acrosome
Nucleus
Centriole
Figure 20.8c
Page 761
Slide 8
Slide 9
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary
FSH-secreting
cells
LH-secreting
cells
FSH
LH
Testes
Sertoli
cell
Leydig
cell
Spermatogenesis
Figure 20.9
Page 762
Inhibin
Testosterone
Slide 10
Stimulation of mechanoreceptors
in glans penis
Parasympathetic supply
to bulbourethral glands
and urethral glands
Parasympathetic
supply to
penile arterioles
Sympathetic
supply to
penile arterioles
Mucus
Penile arterioles dilate
Lubrication
Erection
Compresses veins
Figure 20.11
Page 767
Slide 11
Oviduct
Ovary
Vertebral column
Fimbriae
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary
bladder
Rectum
Pubic
bone
Vagina
Urethra
Clitoris
Labium
minora
Anus
Labium
majora
Figure 20.2a
Page 752
Slide 12
Ovarian vessels
Oviduct
Endometrium
Ovary
Fimbriae
Myometrium
Uterus
Cervical canal
Cervix
Vagina
Figure 20.2b
Page 752
Slide 13
Clitoris
Opening
of urethra
Labium
minora
Hymen
Vaginal opening
Labium
majora
Perineum
Anus
Figure 20.2c
Page 752
Slide 14
Stages
Chromosomes
in each cell
Oogonium
Mitotic proliferation
prior to birth
46
(diploid number;
single strands)
(Arrested
in first
meiotic
division)
Primary
oocytes
After puberty, one primary oocyte reaches
maturity and is ovulated about once a month
until menopause ensues
Enlarged
primary oocyte
(First meiotic division
completed just
prior to ovulation)
Meiosis
46
(diploid number;
doubled strands)
46
(diploid number;
doubled strands)
23
(diploid number;
doubled strands)
Secondary
oocyte
First
polar body
Second
polar body
Polar bodies
degenerate
23 (haploid number;
single strands) from
(Second meiotic ovum plus
division
23 (haploid number;
completed
single strands) from
after fertilization) sperm for diploid
Mature
fertilized ovum with
ovum
46 chromosomes
Figure 20.12
Page 771
Slide 15
Primary follicles
(40 mm)
Primary
oocyte
Single layer of
granulosa cells
Fig. 20.13a (1)
Page 773
Slide 16
Follicular
cells
Proliferation of
granulosa cells
Zona
pellucida
Differentiation of
surrounding ovarian
connective tissue
into thecal cells
Primary
oocyte
Developing secondary follicle
Fig. 20.13a (2)
Page 773
Slide 17
Beginning of
formation of
antrum
Developing secondary follicle
Fig. 20.13a (3)
Page 773
Slide 18
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
Antrum
Zona pellucida
Ovum
(primary oocyte)
Developing secondary follicle
Fig. 20.13a (4)
Page 773
Slide 19
Ovarian surface
Antrum
Ovum
(secondary
oocyte)
Mature
follicle
(12-16 mm)
Fig. 20.13a (5)
Page 773
Slide 20
Ovulated ovum
(secondary oocyte)
Follicular
remnant
Corona
radiata
Zona pellucida
Figure 20.13b
Page 773
Slide 21
Developing
corpus
luteum
Fig. 20.13c (1)
Page 773
Slide 22
Corpus
luteum
Fig. 20.13c (2)
Page 773
Slide 23
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Figure 20.13d
Page 773
Slide 24
Secondary
follicle
Mature
follicle
Primary
follicle
Corpus
luteum
Figure 20.13e
Page 773
Slide 25
Plasma concentrations of
gonadotropic hormones
LH
FSH
Fig. 20.15 (1)
Page 775
Slide 26
Plasma concentrations of
gonadal hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Fig. 20.15 (2)
Page 775
Slide 27
Ovary
Follicular development
Ovulation
Development of
corpus luteum
Degeneration of
corpus luteum
Fig. 20.15 (3)
Page 775
Slide 28
Uterus
(endometrial thickness)
Fig. 20.15 (4)
Page 775
Slide 29
Uterine
phases
Ovarian
phases
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Secretory, or
progestational,
phase
Luteal phase
New
menstrual
phase
New
follicular
phase
Fig. 20.15 (5)
Page 775
Slide 30
LH
FSH
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
Cholesterol
(converted
to)
(Diffuses from
thecal cells into
granulosa cells)
Androgen
Androgen
(converted
to)
Estrogen
Secreted
into
blood
Remains
in the
follicle
Exerts
effects
throughout
body
Contributes
to antral
formation
Figure 20.16
Page 776
Slide 31
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone
(GnRH)
Anterior pituitary
FSH-secreting
cells
LH-secreting
cells
LH
FSH
Ovary
Follicular
development
Low levels
of estrogen
Inhibin
Figure 20.17
Page 777
Slide 32
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH-secreting
cells
FSH-secreting
cells
FSH
LH
Ovary
Mature follicle
(LH surge)
Inhibin
Ovulation
High levels
of estrogen
Figure 20.18
Page 778
Slide 33
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH
Ovary
Corpus luteum
Moderate levels
of estrogen
High levels
of progesterone
Figure 20.19
Page 779
Slide 34
Location
Time of
appearance Percent of
(min after ejaculated
ejaculation) sperm*
Fertilization
site
(upper third
of oviduct)
30–60
Uterus
10–20
Cervical
canal
Vagina
Oviduct
Optimal site
of fertilization
Ampulla of
oviduct
0.001
Sperm
surrounding
ovum
0.1
Ovary
Uterus
1–3
3
0
100
Ovulated
ovum
Fimbria
Cervical canal
*Based on data from animals.
Sperm and ovum enlarged.
Vagina
180 million sperm
deposited
Penis
Figure 20.20
Page 782
Slide 35
Nucleus of ovum
undergoing second
meiotic division
Corona radiata
Cytoplasm
of ovum
First polar body
Zona pellucida
Spermatozoa
Plasma membrane
of ovum
(See next slide)
Fig. 20.22a (1)
Page 783
Slide 36
Enzyme-filled
acrosome
Spermatozoon
head bearing
sperm’s nucleus
Path tunneled through
barriers surrounding
ovum by acrosomal
enzymes exposed on
disruption of acrosomal
membrane
Spermatozoon
that has
accomplished
fertilization
Fig. 20.22a (2)
Page 783
Slide 37
Blastocoele
Blastocyst
(cross
section)
Becomes amniotic sac
Spermatozoa
Morula
Ovum
(cross
section)
Cleavage
Inner cell mass
Destined to
become fetus
Fertilization
Trophoblast
Accomplishes
implantation
and develops
into fetal
portions of
placenta
Secondary
oocyte
(ovum)
Ovulation
Ovary
Implantation
Endometrium
of uterus
Fig. 20.23
Page 784
Slide 38
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Inner cell mass
Capillary
Cords of
trophoblastic
cells
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
(surface layer
of cells of the
blastocyst)
Surface of uterine lining
Fig. 20.25 (1)
Page 785
Slide 39
Surface of uterine lining
Decidua
Cords of
trophoblastic
cells
Inner cell mass
Fig. 20.25 (2)
Page 785
Slide 40
Surface of uterine lining
Decidua
Developing embryo
Fig. 20.25 (3)
Page 785
Slide 41
8 weeks
(See next slide)
Fig. 20.26a (1)
Page 787
Slide 42
12 weeks
Full term
Fig. 20.26a (2)
Page 787
Slide 43
Umbilical cord
Amniotic sac
Pool of maternal blood
Placental villus
Intervillus space
Uterine decidual tissue
Maternal arteriole
Maternal venule
Fetal vessels
Chorion
Chorionic tissue
Placenta
Umbilical
vein
Umbilical
artery
Figure 20.26b
Page 787
Slide 44
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Fertilization
Delivery
Figure 20.27
Page 791
Slide 45
Maternal blood
Placenta
Fetal blood
Fetal adrenal cortex
Pathway for placental synthesis of progesterone
Pathway for placental synthesis of estrogen
Figure 20.28
Page 791
Slide 46
Placenta
CRH
(into fetal circulation)
Fetal anterior
pituitary
The blue arrows designate the
sequence of events leading to
the onset of parturition.
ACTH
Fetal adrenal cortex
The green arrows designate
the positive-feedback cycle
responsible for the progression
of parturition.
Cortisol
DHEA
Fetal lungs
Placenta
Pulmonary
surfactant
Conversion of
DHEA to estrogen
Lung maturation
in readiness for
breathing air
Estrogen
Gap junctions
between
myometrial cells
Uterus able to
contract as a
coordinated unit
Oxytocin
receptors in
myometrium
Uterine
responsiveness to
low levels of
oxytocin
Triggers
onset of
parturition
Prostaglandin
production
Cervical
softening
Fig. 20.29 (1)
Page 793
Slide 47
The blue arrows designate the
sequence of events leading to
the onset of parturition.
The green arrows designate
the positive-feedback cycle
responsible for the progression
of parturition.
Uterine
contractions
Push fetus
against cervix
Responsible for
progression of
parturition
(through
neuroendocrine
reflex)
Oxytocin
secretion
Prostaglandin
production
Fig. 20.29 (2)
Page 793
Slide 48
Placenta
Urinary
bladder
Pubic
bone
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Rectum
Figure 20.30a
Page 795
Slide 49
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Partially dilated cervix
First stage of labor:
Cervical dilation
Uterus
Second stage of labor:
Delivery of the baby
Third stage of labor:
Delivery of the placenta
Figure 20.30b
Page 795
Slide 50
Adipose tissue
Duct
Nipple
Lobule
containing
alveoli
Figure 20.31a
Page 796
Slide 51
Myoepithelial cell
Duct
Ejection
Secretion
Milk
(Lumen)
Alveolar
epithelial cell
Figure 20.31b
Page 796
Slide 52
Suckling
Mechanoreceptors in nipple
Hypothalamus
Nervous
pathway
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone or
prolactin-releasing hormone (?)
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Contraction of
myoepithelial cells
surrounding alveoli
Milk secretion
Milk ejection
Figure 20.32
Page 797
Slide 53