Download rinciples of Human Inheritance

Unit 1 – Chemistry of Life
Name ___________________________________
AP Biology
Date __________________
Chapter 2 – The Chemical Context of Life
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Name the important elements that make up life.
Define Atomic Number, Atomic Mass/Mass Number, Isotopes
What is electronegativity?
What are covalent bonds? Give an example. Are they weak or strong bonds?
What are polar covalent bonds? Draw the polar bonds in water molecules.
What are hydrogen bonds? Are they weak or strong bonds? Draw the hydrogen bonds between
water molecules.
7) What are ionic bonds?
8) Describe Van Der Waals interactions.
9) Why is the shape of a molecule important for its function?
10)What is chemical equilibrium – why is it important in living systems?
Chapter 3 -Water
1) How much of your cell is made up of water?
2) What is the single most important chemical property of water that makes it behave in incredibly
versatile ways?
3) What is cohesion and when does this property of water become useful in living organisms?
4) What is adhesion and when does this property of water become useful in living organisms?
5) What is surface tension and when does this property of water become useful?
6) How does the density of liquid water compare with its solid form – ice? When does this property
of water become useful?
7) How does the high specific heat of water and the high heat of vaporization become useful
properties in living systems?
8) Why is water considered a universal solvent?
9) Contrast hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules.
10)What happens when water dissociates?
11) A pH of 0 to 6 is
, while a pH of 8 to 14 is increasingly
.
12)A difference of 1 pH unit is representative of a difference of
times in concentration of the acid
or base. What is the relationship between concentration of ions and pH?
13)How do you calculate pH when given the [H+] or [OH-]?
14) How is pH important in humans?
15)What is a buffer and why is it important?
Chapter 4 – Carbon
1) What types of bond does carbon make with surrounding atoms?
2) Illustrate the following with examples - Carbon compounds are highly varied due to differences in:
a) Length of carbon skeleton
b) Arrangement of atoms around the carbon atoms
c) Functional groups
3) What are Isomers?
4) What are Structural Isomers – give an example.
5) What are Geometric Isomers? Give an example. What is one important characteristic to look for
before you decide if a CARBON compound is a geometric isomer?
6) What are Enantiomers? Give an example.
7) What are functional groups?
8) Identify the chemical structure AND properties of the following functional groups:
a) Hydroxyl/Alcohol
b) Carbonyl – both types namely aldehyde and ketone
c) Carboxyl acid
d) Sulfhydryl
e) Amino
f) Phosphate
g) Methyl
Chapter 5 Macromolecules
1) What are macromolecules?
2) What are the 4 important types of macromolecules?
3) Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers.
4) What reaction makes polymers from monomers? Describe the process.
5) Give an example of an anabolic (building polymers) reaction.
6) What reaction makes monomers from polymers? Describe the process.
7) Give an example of a catabolic (breaking down polymers) reaction.
8) The common biochemical name for sugars is :
9) The monomer of sugars is called:
. Give examples.
10) The polymer of sugars is called:
. Give examples.
11)What is a disaccharide? Give some examples and sources of these sugars.
12) Sugars end with the letters:
13) What is the difference between a ketose and an aldose? What type of macromolecule are they?
14) Identify the number of carbon atoms in the Hexose sugar – glucose and the Pentose sugar –
Ribose. Why is ribose an important sugar to remember?
15) What reaction makes disaccharides from monosaccharides?
16)What is a glycosidic linkage? In ht macromolecule can you see this?
17)What are the 2 types of polysaccharides’? Give examples of each in plant and animals.
18)What reaction makes a polysaccharide from a monosaccharide?
19)What are lipids? Are they made of monomers?
20)What are some important types of lipids?
21)What are the two parts of a fat molecule? What reaction puts those two parts together to make a
fat?
22)What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?
23) What is a trans fat? Why is it unhealthful?
24) Should you avoid eating ALL fats? What is the function of fats in the body?
25) What are phospholipids? Where can you find them?
26)What are steroids? What is their function in the body?
27)What are proteins? Name some important proteins in the body.
28)What is the monomer in proteins? Draw the structure of a monomer with the functional groups
indicated clearly.
29)What are the amino acids made of ? How many amino acids make up ALL the proteins in our
body? How can so many different proteins be composed from just a few amino acids?
30)What is different in the structures of the 20 amino acids found in the body? Elaborate on how this
difference is critical to the functioning of the protein they make up.
31)What is a peptide bond – draw one.
32)What is the primary structure of a protein? If there is a change in the primary structure, how
will the function of the protein change?
33)What is the secondary structure of a protein? If there is a change in the secondary structure,
how will the function of the protein change?
34)What is the tertiary structure of a protein? If there is a change in the tertiary structure, how will
the function of the protein change?
35)What is the quaternary structure of a protein? If there is a change in the quaternary structure,
how will the function of the protein change?
36)What will happen to a protein when it is heated or when an acid is added to it?
37)What is a nucleic acid – is it the same as an amino acid?
38)What is the monomer in Nucleic Acids? What are these monomers made up of?
39)What are the two important types of Nucleic Acids? Where are they found in the cell?
40)Describe the way the monomers link up to make these Nucleic Acids.
Possible Essay Questions:
 The unique properties of water make life possible on Earth. Select 3 properties of water and:
o for each property, identify and define the property and explain it in terms of the
physical/chemical nature of water.
o for each property, describe one example of how the property affects the functioning of
living organisms.
 There are 4 major types of chemical bonds that play important roles in chemistry within living
organisms. Name and discuss the chemical characteristics of each of the four.
 Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins. For each type, describe
its role in determining protein structure.