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Lesson 33
Regular Comparison of Adjectives
3 degrees – positive (strong), comparative (stronger),
superlative (strongest)
Comparative –
Add –ior (masc + fem) and –ius (neut) to stem
Ex. potens – potentior, potentius
Declined like 3rd declension
Superlative –
Add –issimus, -issima, -issimum to stem
Ex. potens – potentisimus, -a, -um
Declined like 1st/2nd declension
Comparison
Quam used like “than” in English to join 2 words which are
being compared
Word following quam must be in same case as word with
which it is being compared
Ex. Romani diligentiores quam Germani erant.
The Romans were more diligent than the Germans.
Ablative of Comparison
When noun or pronoun is compared and it is in nom. or acc.,
quam can be omitted and second noun can be put into abl.
Ex. Romani diligentiores Germanis erant.
The Romans were more diligent than the Germans.
Translation of Comparative and Superlative –
Comparative can be translated as too or rather
Ex. Hic mons est altior. This mountain is higher
This mountain is too high
This mountain is rather high
Superlative can be translated as very
Ex. Hic mons est altissimus. This mountain is the highest
This mountain is most high
This mountain is very high
Lesson 34
Comparison of Adjectives in –er
All adjectives which end in –er in masc. nom. sing. form
superlative by adding –rimus, -rima, -rimum to masc. nom. sing.
form (not stem) – comparative is regular
Ex. pulcher – pulchrior, -ius – pulcherrimus, -a, -um
Comparison of Adjectives in –eus or –ius
Adjectives of 1st or 2nd declension which have i or e before the
–us ending use adverbs magis (more) and maxime (most)
Ex. idoneus, -a, -um – magis idoneus, -a, -um (more suitable) –
maxime idoneus, -a, -um (most suitable)
Done to avoid awkwardness (like beautifuler in English)
Comparison of Some Adjectives in –ilis
Facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis form superlative by adding –limus,
-lima, -limum to stem – comparative is regular
Ex. facilis, -e – facilior, -ius – facillimus, -a, -um
Dative with Adjectives
Dative used to complete meaning of some adjectives
Ex. Caesar amicus Marco, inimicus Lucio est.
Caesar is friendly to Marcus, but unfriendly to Lucius.
If adjective is used as a noun it needs genitive
Ex. Caesar amicus Marci, inimicus Luci est.
Caesar is a friend of Marcus, but an enemy of Lucius.
Lesson 36
Comparison of Adverbs
Comparative – use neuter acc. sing. of comparative of adjective from
which it is derived
Ex. celeriter – swiftly
Valide – strongly
celerius – more swiftly
validius – more strongly
Superlative – change –us of superlative adjective to –e
Ex. celerrimus – celerrime most swiftly
Validissimus – validissime most strongly
Ablative of Degree of Difference
Ablative used adverbially with comparatives, also with ante and post,
to express degree of difference
Ex. Multo fortius pugnat. – He fights much more bravely (more bravely
by much)
Quam with the Superlative
Quam + superlative = as…as possible
Ex. Venite quam primum. Come as soon as possible.
Some form of possum is understood, and is sometimes used
Temporal and Causal Clauses
Clauses introduced by ubi (when) = temporal or introduced by: ut (as,
when) or postquam (after) or post (later) or quam (than) or simul atque
(as soon as, at the same time as)
Clauses introduced by quod (because) = causal or introduced by: ut
(as, since)
Lesson 37
Demonstrative Adjective
Ipse and Idem
Ipse myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (ourselves,
yourselves, themselves)
see pronoun sheet for declension
Idem –
the same
see pronoun sheet for declension
Irregular Adjectives
Some 1st and 2nd declension adj. are declined with
-ius in gen. and –i in dat. sing. – pl. forms regular
alter, altera, alterum – the other (of two), second
neuter, neutral, neutrum – neither
nullus, -a, -um – no, not any
solus, -a, -um – only, alone
totus, -a, -um – whole, entire
ullus, -a, -um – any
uter, utra, utrum – which (of two?)
alius, alia, aliud – other, another – declined like
above except it has –ud in neuter nom and acc sing.
uterque, utraque, utrumque – each (of two) –
declined like uter
Lesson 38
Subjective and Objective Infinitives Infinitives may be used as nouns Can be subject or direct object of verb ‐ neuter sing. nom. or acc. Ex. Te navigare docebo. I will teach you to sail. I will teach you sailing. Laudari est gratum. It is pleasant to be praised. Being praised is pleasant. Lesson 39
Indirect Statements
Used as objects of verbs of thinking, saying,
knowing, perceiving, etc.
Have an infinitive – subject is in acc (not nom)
Ex. Dicit Caesarem esse fortem. He says that Caesar is
brave.
(He says Caesar to be brave.)
No word for “that” introducing the clause
Nouns
Ablative of Cause
Used to express the cause of something
Ex. Timore animalium silvam reliquerunt. They left
the forest from fear of the animals.
Lesson 40
Reflexive Pronouns s pl 3rd person: Gen sui sui Dat sibi sibi Acc se (sese) se (sese) Abl se (sese) se (sese) 1st and 2nd person supplied by ego and tu With cum it is attached – secum Refer to subject of the sentence or clause: Ex. Se vulneravit. – He wounded himself. Reflexive Adjectives Suus, sua, sum Refers back to subject of sentence or clause: Ex. Suum equum in agro est. – His horse is in the field. Dative of Reference Used to show to whose advantage or disadvantage the action of the verb is performed Ex. Habe tibi illud praemium. – Keep that reward for yourself. Dative of Purpose; Double Dative Equites Caesari auxilio erant. – The cavalry served as an aid (were for an aid) to Caesar. Lesson 43
Subjunctive
Verbs
Horatory Subjunctive (Jussive)
Commands can be expressed by present subjunctive
Translated as “let”
Negative expressed by ne
Ex. Captivi huc adducantur – Let the captives be lead here
Ne coniciant pedites pila – Let the foot soldiers not throw
the javelins.
Lesson 44
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
Express purpose with subjunctive
Present subjunctive used if main verb is present, future, or
future perfect
Imperfect subjunctive used if main verb is imperfect, perfect, or
pluperfect
Introduced by ut or ne
Ex. Pugnabamus ut urbem defenderemus ‒
We were fighting to defend the city
...so as to defend
...in order to defend
...that we might defend
...so that we might defend
...in order that we might defend
Relative Clause of Purpose
Introduced by relative pronoun instead of ut
Used to show purpose of antecedent, rather than purpose of
whole clause
Ex. Libri scribuntur quos legamus ‒
Books are written for us to read
...which we may read
When purpose contains comparative, clause introduced by quo ‒
****infinitive NEVER used to express purpose
Lesson 45
Indirect Commands (Substantive Clause of Purpose)
Verbs of asking, advising, commanding
English uses infinitive, Latin uses subjunctive
Cases with verbs of asking, advising , commanding used
for the object of the verb
Dative – impero, mando, persuadeo
Ex. Mihi persuasit ut venirem. He persuaded me to come.
Accusative – moneo, oro, rogo
Ex. Me monuit ne venirem. He warned me not to come.
Ablative with a preposition – peto, postulo, quaero
Ex. A me petit ut veniam. He is asking me to come.
Lesson 46
Clauses of Fearing English uses indirect statement after verbs of fearing, Latin uses subjunctive Affirmative introduced by ne, negative by ne non or ut Ex. Timeo ne veniat. I fear that he is coming. Time ut veniat. I fear that he is not coming. Clause expresses the wish that the person has in mind (Ex. I don’t want him to come) Sequence of Tenses Relationship between main verb and subjunctive verb in a clause Lesson 47
Indirect Questions
Introduced by interrogative pronoun, adjective, or
adverb and have verb in subjunctive
Ex. Rogat quid faciamus. He asks what we are
doing.
May also follow verbs of saying, perceiving,
knowing, etc.
Lesson 50
Deponent Verbs
Have passive forms but active meanings
Ex. moratur – he delays, conati erant – they
had tried
PAP, FAP, future active infinitive are active
forms
Locative Case
With names of cities, towns, small islands,
domus and rus no preposition used to express
place
Use a case called locativeLike genitive in singular in nouns of 1st& 2nd dec,
otherwise like ablative
Rus always and some other 3rd dec sometimes
end in –i
Ex. ruri – in the country Carthagini – at
Carthage
Lesson 51
Ablative Absolute
2 words in ablative case
1. noun + participle – (most common)
2. 2 nouns
3. noun + adjective – (rare)
Participle and adjective agree with noun in gender, case,
number
Best translated by a clause – denotes time, cause,
condition, concession
Ex. Signo dato, oppidum oppugnaverunt. – When the
signal had been given, they attacked the town.
Caesare imperatore, ad victoriam exercitus ducetur. – If
Caesar is general, the army will be led to victory.
Periculo magno, Caesar signum dedit. – Since the
danger was great, Caesar gave the signal.
Future Passive Participle (FPP)
1st / 2nd conjugation add –ndus, -nda, -ndum to present stem
Ex – vocandus, vocanda, vocandum
3rd / 4th conjugation add e before ending
Ex – regendus, regenda, regendum
Gerundive – English uses gerund (verbal noun __ing) – Latin
uses FPP modifying a noun
1. Genitive – used with causa or gratia (for the sake of)
Veni librorum legendorum causa. I came for the sake of reading books
2. Dative – indirect object
Tempus libris legendis dedit. He gave time to reading books
3. Accusative – used with ad (to, toward)
Veni ad libros legendos. I came to read books.
4. Ablative – ablative of means
Libris legendis didicit. He learned by reading books