Download Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets

Notes: Blood
Anatomy and Physiology 2016-2017
Name:
Date:
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Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:
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 The only fluid tissue in the human body
 Classified as a connective tissue
 Components of blood
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 Formed elements
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 Plasma
 If blood is centrifuged:
o Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (______% of blood, a percentage known as the ___________________)
o _________________ contains leukocytes and platelets (__________% of blood)
 Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
o _________________ rises to the top (__________% of blood)
 Color range
o Oxygen-rich blood is ________________________________
o Oxygen-poor blood is _______________________________
 pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45
 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature, at 100.4°F
 In a healthy man, blood volume is about ________________________________________
 Blood makes up _______________% of body weight
Blood Plasma
 Composed of approximately 90 percent __________________________
 Includes many dissolved substances:
o
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 _________________
o Blood pH becomes too acidic
 _________________
o Blood pH becomes too basic
 In each scenario, the __________________________ system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal
Formed Elements
 ____________________________________________
o Main function is to carry ___________________
o Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes

 Essentially bags of _________________________
 Anucleate (meaning: ____________________________________)
 Contain very few organelles
o 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood is the normal count
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_______________________
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o Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
o Each hemoglobin molecule has ______________ oxygen binding sites
o Each erythrocyte has __________________ hemoglobin molecules
o Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood
 Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs
o _______________________________ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
o _________________________________________________ results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
o ______________________ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
 _______________________________________________________
o Crucial in body’s defense against disease
o Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
o Able to move into and out of ___________________________________________(______________________)
o Move by amoeboid motion
o Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues (______________________________________________)
o __________________________________________________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
 Abnormal numbers of leukocytes
o ________________________________
 WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
 Generally indicates an infection
o _______________________
 Abnormally low leukocyte level
 Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as ______________________________________________
o _______________________
 Bone marrow becomes cancerous; turns out excess WBCs
 Platelets
o Derived from _______________________________________________________________________
o Needed for the ______________________________ process
o Platelet count ranges from ________________ to __________________ per cubic millimeter of blood
 _________________ is considered a normal number of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood
Hematopoiesis
 Hematopoiesis is the process of ________________________________________________
 Occurs in ________________________________
 All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (______________________________)
 Hemocytoblast differentiation
o Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
o Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements
Formation of Red Blood Cells
 Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to ____________________________________________
 RBCs wear out in _________________________
 When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ______________________ in the _______________ or _________________
 Lost cells are replaced by division of ___________________________ in the _____________________________
Control of Erythrocyte Production
 Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called _____________________________
 ________________________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
 Homeostasis is maintained by ____________________________________________ from blood oxygen levels
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
 Controlled by ___________________________
o _____________________________ and _____________________ prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
o _____________________________ stimulates production of platelets

Hemostasis
 Definition:
 Hemostasis involves three phases:
1.
2.
3.
 1.
o _______________________________ causes blood vessel to spasm
o Spasms narrow the blood vessel, __________________________________
 2.
o ___________________________ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
o ___________________________ become “sticky” and cling to fibers
o Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
o Platelets pile up to form ____________________________ (______________________)
 3.
o Injured tissues release ______________________________________
o PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to
___________________________________________
o ______________________________________ converts ____________________ to _____________________ (an enzyme)
o Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
o Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
o Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts
 Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins
 Blood usually clots within __________________________________
 The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
 The clot is broken down after ________________________________
Undesirable Clotting

o A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
o Can be deadly in areas such as the heart
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o A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
o Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Bleeding Disorders
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o Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require clotting
o Evidenced by:

o ___________________ bleeding disorder
o _____________________________________________ are missing
Blood Groups and Transfusions
 Large losses of blood have serious consequences
o Loss of __________________________ causes weakness
o Loss of ___________________________ causes shock, which can be fatal
 Transfusions are given for _______________________, _________________________________, or for _____________________
Human Blood Groups
 Blood contains genetically determined proteins
 _________________ are substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system attacks
 _____________________ are the “recognizers”
 Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump and lyse
 There are _____________________ common red blood cell antigens
 The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _____________________________ blood group antigens
ABO Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of two antigens:
1.
2.
 The lack of these antigens is called ___________________
 The presence of both antigens A and B is called _____________________
 The presence of antigen A is called ____________________
 The presence of antigen B is called ____________________
 Blood type AB can receive ____________________________
o
 Blood type B can receive __________________________
 Blood type A can receive __________________________
 Blood type O can receive __________________________
o
Rh Blood Groups
 Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was
originally defined in Rhesus monkeys
 Most Americans are _______________________________
 Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– (Rh-negative) blood
 __________________________ does not occur with first transfusion, because it takes time to make antibodies
 Second, and subsequent, transfusions involve ________________________________________________________________
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 Danger occurs only when the mother is _____ and the father is ____, and the child inherits ________________
 RhoGAM shot can prevent buildup of __________________________ in mother’s blood
 The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
o The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems
o The immune system is ______________________ after the first pregnancy
o In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+
blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Blood Typing
 Blood samples are mixed with _____________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________ leads to identification of blood type
 Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
 Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Developmental Aspects of Blood
 Sites of blood cell formation
o The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation
o Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
 Congenital blood defects include various types of hemolytic anemias and hemophilia
 Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from
destruction of fetal blood cells
 Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
 Physiologic jaundice occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown
products fast enough
 Leukemias are most common in the very young and very old
o Older adults are also at risk for anemia and clotting disorders