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1492 – 1546: European Explorations and Conquest Exploitation of people and resources due to ethnocentric attitudes Conquistadors • Aztecs – Hernán Cortés • Incas – Francisco Pizarro Guns, cannons, horses, diseases Enslaved the survivors, and shipped wealth to Europe Treaty of Tordesillas 1493-1494 When Columbus arrived the Americas belonged to Portugal, but both Spain and Portugal claimed the land The Pope split South America giving Brazil to Portugal and the rest to Spain providing the foundation for the demographics of South America Treaty of Tordesillas The Encomienda System The encomienda system was created sometime between 1493–1512 by the Crown in Castile (Spanish) who reserved the right to grant and remove an encomienda as seen fit. The system was created to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas and held strong links to Europe’s feudal history The crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to instruct the natives in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor. The system created a rigid class structure within Latin America. The Encomienda System The Encomienda Class Structure Peninsulares – Spanish officials sent to govern colonies • Most prestige Criollos – People born in colonies of Spanish parents • Barred from highest positions in government • Educated and wealthy • Became leaders of revolutions Mestizos/Mulattoes – Mixed Spanish, Indian, or African parents • Laborers and townspeople • Few political rights • Resentment grew because of low social status Native Americans/African Slaves – Bottom of the social structure • Worked on estates and mines • Very few freedoms Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empire Aztec Empire – Mexico Incan Empire – Peru Cortés and Pizarro Spanish Conquistador Cortés conquered Mexico and Pizarro conquered Peru Destroyed these empires Movements for Independence Unjust conditions stemming from colonial rule Success of American and French Revolution Spread of democratic ideals from the European Enlightenment Wars fought against French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, which diverted Spanish and Portuguese attention from Latin America Latin American Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture – In 1791 slaves on western half of French colony Haiti revolted under his leadership. First to gain independence in 1804. Simón Bolívar – educated and wealthy Criollo fought for independence and unified Latin America. In 1819 organized and led a successful revolt against Spanish. Later named president of Republic of Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama) Jose de San Martin – Won independence for Argentina in 1816. Crossed the Andes and drove the Spanish from Chile to gain independence in 1818. Help to fee parts of Peru and Argentina in 1820s. Latin American Independence Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos Catholic Criollo priests helped Mexico gain their independence. Led Indians and mestizos in a revolution in 1821. Mexico gained its independence, but the Spanish executed the priests Brazil and the Caribbean Brazil – Peaceful transition. Portugal granted independence in 1822 Caribbean – Some today still not independent (Martinique and Cayman Islands) Spanish American War – Spanish rule ended for good in 1898 when they lost the final colonies to the United States. Mexican-American War 1846-1848 The Alamo was a big stand for the Americans with Mexico still upset over losing Texas in 1836. Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Major armed struggle that transformed Mexican politics and society. Peasants revolted against the wealthy class Consequence – Land reform took place and a new political party rose to power and stayed in power until the 1990’s. Cuban Revolution 1953-1959 Fidel and Raul Castro along with their followers went after the government led by Batista seeking economic equality for all They ran Batista out of the country and set up a communist government with ties to the Soviet Union. The Castro family has been a thorn in the U.S. side for years. Instability in Latin America The Monroe Doctrine – 1823 United States policy regarding domination of the American continent that prevented European powers from intervening in unstable Latin American nations It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring United States intervention. The Panama Canal Engineering marvel changed worldwide shipping Iran - Contra The United States 20th Century Involvement 1903: United States encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire rights to the Panama Canal rights 1905: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares United States policeman of the Caribbean 1912: United States Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country until 1933. 1914: Mexican refusal to salute United States flag provokes shelling of Veracruz by a United States battleship and seizure of parts of the city. 1954: The CIA engineers an overthrow of democratically elected government of Guatemala. 30 years of military dictatorship, repression, and violence follow. 1961: United States attempts to overthrow the revolutionary Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs. Embargo until 2015. 1973: The CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Allende in Chile in favor of a bloody dictatorship. 1981: The Reagan Administration aided the Contras against the Sandinistas. 1983: The United States invades Grenada to overthrow a popular government. 1989: The United States invades Panama to arrest drug dealer Manual Noriega. 1990: The United States intervenes in the Nicaraguan election process Instability in Latin American Regional Differences – geographic barriers, border disputes, regional rivalries for power Caudillos – leaders backed by military emerged in Latin American nations that favored the upper class Economic and Social Inequality – land and wealth in hands of few Criollos. With the overthrow of colonial rule, Mestizos and Mulattos were still denied equal rights. Slavery was abolished, but Indians and Blacks had few rights Church Conservatism – powerful but conservative and they rejected liberal changes that would reform Latin America. Latin America – Past to Present Political disputes in Honduras and Ecuador threaten stability El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala are in conflict Haiti – the poorest country in the world deals with developing and the environment Mexico is dealing with violent drug wars killing thousands of civilians Latin America – Today Rapid population growth threatens economic development of Latin America – 455 million people in 1990 – projected to double by 2025