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It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief,
it was the epoch of incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens
A Tale of Two Cities
Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a
Y He borrowed his terms from
disease pathology.
Y Compares a revolution to a
fever or a disease:
 The revolutionary “fever”
begins with the appearance of
certain “symptoms.”
 It proceeds by advances and
retreats to a crisis stage, or
“delirium.”
 The crisis ends when the
“fever” breaks.
 A period of convalescence
follows, interrupted by a
relapse or two before the
recovery is complete.
Revolution
Ancien Regime Map, 1789
T he French Urban Poor
80
70
60
50
1787
1788
40
30
20
10
0
% of Income Spent on Bread
Financial Problems
in France 1789
a Urban Commoner’s
Budget:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Food
Rent
Tithe
Taxes
Clothing
TOTAL
80%
25%
10%
35%
20%
170%
a King’s Budget:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Interest
Army
Versailles
Coronation
Loans
Admin.
TOTAL
50%
25%
25%
10%
25%
25%
160%
In 1789, France’s society was based on a system
created in the Middle Ages. The ancien régime
separated everyone in French society into one of
three estates:
First Estate
Second Estate
Third Estate
Clergy
Nobility
The remainder of the
population, including the
bourgeoisie and rural peasants
The first two estates enjoyed most of the
wealth and privileges of France.
The Church
• Owned 10% of
the land
• Collected tithes
• Paid no direct taxes
to the state
The nobility
• Had rights to top jobs
in the government,
the army, the courts,
and the Church
• Paid no taxes
The Third Estate was the most diverse and
made up 95% of the population in France.
• Bourgeoisie and
middle class
• Urban workers
• Rural peasants
Paid taxes on everything
from land to soap
Owed fees and services
dating back to medieval times
When the ideals of the Enlightenment spread
among the Third Estate, many people began to
question the existing social order.
Economic troubles added to the social unrest and
heightened tensions. Years of deficit spending
created a government that was deeply in debt.
The money from the government had
been spent on:
• Louis XIV’s court
• The Seven Years’ War
• The American Revolution
• Rising costs of goods and services
Bad harvests in the 1780s made it harder to recoup
this money.
To solve the financial crisis, the government
had to increase taxes, reduce expenses, or both.
The first two estates resisted any attempts to
make them pay taxes.
Louis XV ran up more debt.
Louis XVI was weak but attempted
some economic reforms.
Lettres de Cachet
Y The French king could warrant
imprisonment or death in a
signed letter under his seal.
Y A carte-blanche warrant.
Y Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000
during the reign of Louis XV!
Y Eliminated in 1790.
T he French Monarchy:
1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI
Marie
Antoinette
and the
Royal
Children
Let T hem Eat Cake!
Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
Y “Madame Deficit”
Y “The Austrian Whore”
French Fashion
Fine Art
Compare and contrast these 2 paintings
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
1st What is the Third
Estate? Everything!
2nd What has it been
heretofore in the
political order?
Nothing!
3rd What does it demand?
To become something
therein!
http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/origins-of-the-frenchrevolution?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefin
ed&f=1&free=false
Abbé Sieyès
1748-1836
Louis XVI appointed
Jacques Necker
as his financial
advisor. Necker
made several
recommendations
to reduce the debt:
• Reduce extravagant
court spending
• Reform government
• Abolish tariffs on
internal trade
• Tax the First and
Second Estates
When Necker proposed taxing the First and Second
Estates, the nobles and high clergy forced Louis XVI to
dismiss him.
The pressure for reforms mounted, but the
powerful classes demanded that the king
summon the Estates-General.
The nobles hoped
that the EstatesGeneral could bring
the absolute monarch
under their control
and guarantee their
own privileges.
• In the meantime,
France was on the
verge of bankruptcy.
• Bread riots were
spreading and nobles
continued to fight
against taxes.
Before the meeting, Louis had all the estates
prepare cahiers listing their grievances.
• Fairer taxes!
• Freedom of the press!
• Regular meetings!
Many delegates
from the Third
Estate went to
solve the
financial crisis
but also to insist
on reforms.
Cahiers: Notebooks
• Tax collectors: “bloodsuckers of the
nation who drink the tears of the
unfortunate from goblets of gold”
• Courts: “vampires pumping the last drop
of blood”
• “20 million must live on half of the wealth
of France while the clergy…devour the
other half”
The voting system created a stalemate, because
each estate traditionally had one vote.
1 vote
First Estate
1 vote
Second Estate
1 vote
Third Estate
The Third Estate moved to
create a fairer system in which
the votes were counted by
heads rather than estates.
Convening the Estates General
May, 1789
Last time it was called into session was 1614!
“T he T hird Estate Awakens”
Y The commoners finally presented their credentials
not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as
“representatives of the nation.”
Y They proclaimed themselves the “National
Assembly” of France.
In June, 1789, after weeks of stalemate, members
of the Third Estate declared themselves to be the
National Assembly and the true representatives
of the people of France.
They were
locked out of
their meeting
hall and moved
to a nearby
tennis court.
The members of the
National Assembly
pledged, by the
Tennis Court Oath,
to continue to meet until
a constitution
was established.
“T he Tennis Court Oath”
by Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789
Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789
Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup
against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.
Y 73 wounded.
Y 7 guards
killed.
Y It held 7
prisoners
[5 ordinary
criminals & 2
madmen].
Rumors abounded that the royal troops were
about to occupy Paris.
• On July 14, 1789, crowds
gathered around the
Bastille demanding
weapons and gunpowder
that they thought were
stored there.
• The storming and fall of
the Bastille represented
a challenge to the regime.
Europe on the Eve of the
French Revolution
1
Section 1 Assessment
Which class made up 98 percent of the population of France in 1789?
a) the First Estate
b) the Second Estate
c) the Third Estate
d) the First and Second estates combined
Which of the following was not a cause of France’s economic troubles?
a) deficit spending
b) bad harvests
c) overspending by Louis XIV
d) increased wages for peasant workers
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What led to the storming of the Bastille,
and therefore, to the start of the French
Revolution?
A volatile atmosphere in France resulted from
a widespread famine and the influence of
reformers inspired by Enlightenment ideas.
The situation exploded on July 14, 1789.
Historians have divided the period of the
French Revolution into four different phases.
National
Assembly
•
Reign of
Terror
•
Directory
•
Age of
Napoleon
•
France became a constitutional
monarchy
A radical phase with escalating violence
• End of the monarchy
A period of reaction against extremism
Consolidation of many revolutionary
changes
• A period of war throughout Europe
Paris was the revolutionary center of France,
in which a variety of factions were trying to
gain power.
National
Guard
Moderate
• Led by the Marquis de Lafayette
• A mainly middle-class militia
•
Radical
• Replaced the royalist government
of Paris
• Mobilized violent action for the
revolution
•
Paris
Commune
The political crisis of 1789 in France coincided
with the worst famine in memory. Rumors were
rampant and created panic.
• During the period known as the “Great Fear,”
peasants believed that government troops were
seizing their crops.
• Peasants blamed nobles, who they thought were
trying to reinstate medieval dues.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlbsPhHSWzw
T he Great Fear: Peasant Revolt
(July 20, 1789)
Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos]
were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and
pillage their land.
The National Assembly reacted to the uprisings
and voted to end the privileges of the nobility.
• Nobles gave up old manorial dues and
exclusive hunting rights.
• Nobles ended their special legal
status and their exemptions from
paying taxes.
• The assembly enacted the equality of
all male citizens before the law.
National Constituent Assembly
1789 - 1791
Liberté!
Egalité!
Fraternité!
August Decrees
August 4-11, 1789
(A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)
T he Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the
Bourbons + the RED &
BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!
T he Tricolor is the Fashion!
T he “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge
Revolutionary Symbols
Cockade
La Republic
Revolutionary
Clock
Liberté
Revolutionary Playing Cards
At the end of August, 1789, the National Assembly
issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen.
Modeled after the American Declaration of
Independence, it announced:
• Free and equal rights for all men
• Natural rights for all men
• Equality before the law for all men
• Freedom of religion for all citizens
• Taxes levied fairly for all citizens
T he Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen
August 26,
1789
V Liberty!
V Property!
V Resistance to
oppression!
Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)
V Women played a vital
role in the Revolution.
V But, The Declaration
of the Rights of Man
did NOT extend the
rights and protections
of citizenship to
women.
Declaration of the
Rights of Woman
and of the Citizen
(1791)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man did not
please everyone.
Many women were
disappointed that
the Declaration
did not grant
equal citizenship
to women.
Louis XVI did
not want to accept
the reforms of
the National
Assembly.
March of the Women,
October 5-6, 1789
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian
women for bread.
We want the baker, the baker’s wife
and the baker’s boy!
Women marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789.
They were angry about the famine, and they
demanded to see the king.
• They were also angry at Marie
Antoinette, who was against
reforms and lived a life of luxury.
• The women brought the king and
queen to Paris, where they lived
as virtual prisoners.
T he “October Days” (1789)
The king was thought to be surrounded by evil
advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to
Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.
The National Assembly placed the Church
under state control.
It dissolved convents and monasteries.
It ended papal authority over the French Church.
It made bishops and priests elected,
salaried officials.
This move was condemned by the pope, many bishops
and priests, and large numbers of French peasants.
How to Finance the New Govt.?
Confiscate Church Lands (1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the
entire revolutionary period.
T he De-Christianization Program
1. The adoption of a new Republican
Calendar:
abolished Sundays & religious holidays.
months named after seasonal features.
7-day weeks replaced by 10-day
decades.
the yearly calendar was dated from
the creation of the Republic
[Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced
the state from the Church!!
T he New Republican Calendar
New Name
Meaning
Time Period
Vendemaire
Vintage
September 22 – October 21
Brumaire
Fog
October 22 – November 20
Frimaire
Frost
November 21 – December 20
Nivose
Snow
December 21 – January 19
Pluviose
Rain
January 20 – February 18
Ventose
Wind
February 19 – March 20
Germinal
Budding
March 21 – April 19
Floreal
Flowers
April 20 – May 19
Prairial
Meadow
May 20 – June 18
Messidor
Harvest
June 19 – July 18
Thermidor
Heat
July 19 – August 17
Fructidor
Fruit
August 18 – September 21
T he De-Christianization Program
2. The public exercise of religion was
banned.
3. The Paris Commune supported the:
destruction of religious & royal statues.
ban on clerical dress.
encouragement of the clergy to give up
their vocations.
4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”
5. The deportation of priests denounced by
six citizens.
T he “Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple,
Become the goddess of the French people.
T he Festival of Supreme Being
A new secular holiday
T he
Radical’s
Arms:
No God!
No Religion!
No King!
No Constitution!
The National Assembly produced the Constitution
of 1791. This set up a limited monarchy.
The new Legislative
Assembly could:
• Make laws
• Collect taxes
• Decide on issues
of war and peace
Moderate reformers felt that the Constitution
of 1791 completed the French Revolution.
Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution
& the National Assembly. 1791
What political and social reforms did the
National Assembly institute in the first
stage of the French Revolution?
The members of the National Assembly voted to
end their own privileges after the storming of
the Bastille.
From providing equal rights to all male citizens
before the law, to the abolishment of their
exclusion from taxes, the National Assembly
aimed to change an unjust system.
At the time of the creation of the
Constitution of 1791, Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette attempted to escape France.
To many, this attempt meant that Louis
was a traitor to the revolution.
To other nations, supporting the king meant
being against the revolution.
The emperor of Austria and king of Prussia
signed the Declaration of Pilnitz supporting
Louis and threatening to intervene.
The revolutionaries prepared for war.
T he Royal Family Attempts
to Flee
Y June, 1791
Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel
von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].
Y Headed toward the
Luxembourg
border.
Y The King was
recognized at
Varennes, near
the border
Rulers in Europe feared the French Revolution, a
fear fed by stories of émigrés to their countries.
• The sans-culottes and the Jacobins
held the upper hand in the Legislative
Assembly.
• They demanded a republic and an
end to tyranny abroad.
The radicals moved the Legislative Assembly to declare
war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and other states.
T he Jacobins
Jacobin Meeting House
 They held their meetings in the
library of a former Jacobin
monastery in Paris.
 Started as a debating society.
 Membership mostly middle class.
 Created a vast network of clubs.
Attitudes &
actions of
monarchy
& court
Fear of
CounterRevolution
Religious
divisions
The Causes of
Instability in France
1792 - 1795
Economic
Crises
War
Political
divisions
French Soldiers & the Tricolor:
Vive Le Patrie!
V The French armies
were ill-prepared for
the conflict.
V ½ of the officer corps
had emigrated.
V Many men disserted.
V New recruits were
enthusiastic, but
ill-trained.
V French troops often
broke ranks and fled
in disorder.
In 1792, the war abroad was going badly for
the French.
• Many revolutionaries believed that the
king was in league with foreign
powers to retain his power.
• Citizens attacked the palace where
the king was held. The king and his
family escaped to the Legislative
Assembly.
• Citizens also attacked prisons that
held nobles
and priests.
Violence was spreading.
T he September Massacres, 1792
 Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were
plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies
defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the
front.
 Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed!
 It discredited the Revolution among its remaining
sympathizers abroad.
Radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly and called for the
election of a new legislative body—the National Convention.
National Convention
• Suffrage was extended
to all male citizens.
• Nobles’ lands were
seized.
In addition, the
monarchy was
abolished in favor
of the creation
of a republic.
Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor to France.
He was convicted and sentenced to death.
• In January, 1793,
Louis XVI was
executed.
• In October, 1793,
Marie Antoinette
was executed.
Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)
c
The trial of the king
was hastened by the
discovery in a secret
cupboard in the
Tuilieres of a cache
of documents.
They proved
conclusively Louis’
knowledge and
encouragement of
foreign intervention.
c
c
The National
Convention voted
387 to 334 to
execute the
monarchs.
T he Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet
Matter for reflection
for the crowned
jugglers.
So impure blood
doesn’t soil our land!
Marie Antoinette as a Serpent
The “Widow Capet”
Marie Antoinette
on the Way to the Guillotine
Marie Antoinette Died in
October, 1793
By 1793, France as a nation was in peril.
External and internal threats were rampant.
• War continued with the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, and
Prussia.
• Royalists and priests led rebellions against the government.
• Sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and
inflation.
• The Convention was divided between the Jacobins and the
Girondins.
The Convention created the Committee of Public
Safety to deal with these issues.
The Committee of Public Safety was granted
absolute power to save the revolution.
At war:
French armies
overran the
Netherlands
and invaded
Italy.
At home:
France battled
counterrevolutionaries
through the use
of terror.
Georges Jacques Danton
(1759 – 1794)
Maximillian Robespierre
(1758 – 1794)
Maximilien Robespierre became the leader of the
Committee of Public Safety.
He was a reformer,
but also supported
terror as a way to
maintain order.
Robespierre:
• Promoted religious tolerance
• Tried to abolish slavery
• Arrested and tried all those
who threatened the
revolution
Nearly 300,000 people were arrested and 17,000 executed
by guillotine for opposing the revolution. The Reign of
Terror continued until Robespierre was executed in 1794.
T he Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe,
inflexible. -- Robespierre
Let terror be the order
of the day!
c
The Revolutionary Tribunal
of Paris alone executed
2,639 victims in 15 months.
c
The total number of victims
nationwide was over 20,000!
c
http://www.history.com/news/histo
ry-lists/8-things-you-may-notknow-about-the-guillotine
Different Social Classes
Executed
8%
7%
28%
25%
31%
T he Arrest of Robespierre
T he Revolution Consumes
Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits
Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies Wounded
Before the Revolutionary
Tribunal that will order him
to be guillotined, 1794.
T he Guillotine:
An “Enlightenment Tool”?
Oh, thou charming guillotine,
You shorten kings and queens;
By your influence divine,
We have re-conquered our rights.
Come to aid of the Country
And let your superb instrument
Become forever permanent
To destroy the impious sect.
Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agents
Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.
T he “Monster” Guillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!
Jean-Paul Marat
(1744 – 1793)
“T he Death of Marat”
by Jacques Louis David, 1793
“Pieta de la Revolucion”
T he Assassination of Marat
by Charlotte
Corday
Paul Jacques
Aimee
Baudry, 19c
[A Romantic
View]
In reaction to the Terror, moderates produced
the Constitution of 1795 and set up a five-man
Directory along with a two-house legislature.
The Directory:
• Made peace with Prussia and Spain
• Continued the war with Austria and
Great Britain
• Created a constitutional monarchy
The Directory was also corrupt and did not solve
continued problems such as rising bread prices. They
appointed Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military
hero, to rule France.
By 1799, France had changed dramatically from
the country of Louis XVI and his court.
• The term citizen applied to people of all
social classes.
• Elaborate fashions gave way to practical
and simple clothing.
• Nationalism rose throughout France.
• State schools replaced religious ones.
• Systems were organized to help the
poor, old soldiers, and widows.
T he Contrast:
“French Liberty / British Slavery”
T he “Cultural Revolution”Brought
About by the Convention
 It was premised upon Enlightenment
principles of rationality.
 The metric system of weights and
measures
 The abolition of slavery within France in
1791 and throughout the French colonies in
1794.
 The Convention legalized divorce and
enacted shared inheritance laws [even for
illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to
eradicate inequalities.
T he Government Structure of the
New Directory
V 5-man executive committee or oligarchy [to avoid a
dictatorship].

Legislative electors were elected by all males over 21
who were taxpayers.
V Inflation continues.
V Rule by rich bourgeois liberals.
V Self-indulgence  frivolous culture;
salons return; wild fashions.
V Political corruption.
V Revival of Catholicism.
Napoleon Bonaparte was a military hero who
rose quickly through the army. He favored
republican rule and the Jacobins.
1793 • Drove British forces from Toulon
• Won several victories against the Austrians
• Captured most of northern Italy
1798 • Lost in Egypt
1799 • Overthrew the Directory and set up a
three-man governing board known as
the Consulate
T he Rosetta Stone
-Napoleon’s troops discovered behind a wall in a
fort near city of el Rashid (Rosetta) in 1799
-Linguistic key from Egyptian Hieroglyphics to
Ancient Greek: Took 20 years to translate
-Stone carved in 196 BC
Jean Francois Champollion
-Brits took back Egypt and
still keep stone in the British
Museum
http://www.history.com/topic
s/napoleon
Napoleon and Josephine
December 1795:
I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last
night’s intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses.
Sweet, incomparable Josephine, what a strange effect you
have on my heart. Are you angry? Do I see you sad? Are
you worried? My soul breaks with grief, and there is no rest
for your lover; but how much the more when I yield to this
passion that rules me and drink a burning flame from your
lips and your heart? Oh! This night has shown me that your
portrait is not you!
You leave at midday; in three hours I shall see you.
Meanwhile, my sweet love, a thousand kisses; but do not
give me any, for they set my blood on fire.
B.
T he Empress Josephine
When Napoleon helped create the Consulate,
he became First Consul.
1802—Napoleon became consul for life.
1804—Napoleon crowns himself Emperor
of the French.
Each step of the way, Napoleon had held a plebiscite
and had been strongly supported by the French people.
18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)
 Coup d’état by
Napoleon.
 Approved by a
plebiscite in
December.
 Abbe Sieyès:
Confidence
from below;
authority from
above.
A British Cartoon about
Napoleon’s Coup in 1799
“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the
Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David
December 2, 1804
“Consecration
of the Emperor
Napoleon & the
Empress Josephine,”
1806
by David
T he Government of the Consulate
a Council of State


Proposed the laws.
Served as a Cabinet & the
highest court.
a Tribunate

Debated laws, but did not
vote on them.
a Legislature

Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them.
a Senate

Had the right to review and veto legislation.
• Controlled prices
Napoleon
consolidated
power by
strengthening
the central
government. He:
• Encouraged new industry
• Built new roads and canals
• Set up a system of public
schools
• Made peace with the Catholic
Church
• Encouraged émigrés to return
• Recognized peasants’ right
to lands
Napoleon Established the
Banque de France, 1800
Concordat of 1801
a Catholicism was declared the religion of the
majority of Frenchmen.
a Papal acceptance of church lands lost
during the Revolution.
a Bishops subservient to the regime.
a Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced
the Concordat, and Napoleon had him
brought to France and placed under
house arrest.
Legion of Honor, 1802
Palace of the Legion of Honor,
Paris
He implemented a new set of laws known
as the Napoleonic Code.
Napoleonic Code
• Equality of all
male citizens
before the law
• Religious
toleration
• Abolition of
feudalism
• The code
embodied
Enlightenment
principles.
• But women lost
most of their rights
of citizenship.
•
http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/n
apoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1
&free=false
Napoleon and His Code
T he Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories],
the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.
T he “Empire” Style
Madame Recamier by David, 1808
“Napoleon on His
Imperial T hrone”
1806
By Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
Napoleon’s
T hrone
Neo-Classical Architecture
Napoleon’s Tomb
Napoleon’s Bed Chamber
Josephine’s Bedroom
From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon successfully
battled most of Europe and created an empire.
France annexed:
• The Netherlands
• Belgium
• Parts of Italy
• Parts of Germany
Napoleon also:
• Abolished the Holy
Roman Empire
• Cut Prussian territory
in half
T he Continental System
a
GOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over
Europe.
a
Berlin Decrees (1806)

a
“Order in Council” (1806)

a
Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized
when it entered the Continent.
Milan Decree (1807)

a
British ships were not allowed in European ports.
Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be
seized when it entered the Continent.
These edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on
Britain  WAR OF 1812.
T he Continental System
British Cartoon
Napoleon was unable to defeat Great Britain at
sea or through the use of the Continental System.
• Napoleon was defeated in the Battle
of Trafalgar in 1805.
• The blockades created some
hardships but Britain was able to
maintain its trade routes in the
Americas and India.
Napoleon’s Major Military
Campaigns
1805:
France 
Sea
Power
 Britain
Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: French Navy lost!)
Battle of Trafalgar
“Crossing the
Alps,”
1805
Paul Delaroche
Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807)
With the permission of our august
and dear husband, I must declare
that, having no hope of bearing
children who would fulfill the
needs of his policies and the
interests of France, I am pleased
to offer him the greatest proof
of attachment and devotion ever
offered on this earth.
Napoleon’s Divorce Statement (1807)
Far from ever finding cause for
complaint, I can to the contrary
only congratulate myself on the
devotion and tenderness of my
beloved wife. She has adorned
thirteen years of my life; the
memory will always remain
engraved on my heart.
Marie Louise
(of Austria)
married
Napoleon on
March 12, 1810
in Vienna
Marie Louise
(of Austria)
with
Napoleon’s Son
(Napoleon Francis Joseph
Charles: 1811-1832
Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas
of the French Revolution saw Napoleon and
his army as oppressors.
• In Spain, people resisted reforms that
undermined the king and the Catholic
Church.
• Nationalism in occupied countries
created revolts and patriotic resistance
through guerrilla warfare.
“T he Spanish Ulcer”
a Napoleon tricked the
Spanish king and prince to
come to France, where he
imprisoned them.
a He proclaimed his brother,
Joseph, to be the new king
of Spain.
a He stationed over 100,000
French troops in Madrid.
a On May 2, 1808 [Dos de
Mayo] the Spanish rose up
in rebellion.
a French troops fired on the
crowd in Madrid the next
day [Tres de Mayo].
“T hird of May, 1808” by Goya
(1810)
Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
“Napoleon in His
Study”
1812
by David
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
e Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
e Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
e
e
e
e
e
In 1812, the Russian winter stopped Napoleon’s
army from a victory.
The tsar initially supported Napoleon but ended
up withdrawing from the Continental System.
When Napoleon attacked, the retreating Russian army’s
scorched-earth policy made it impossible for
Napoleon’s army to survive on what they left.
Napoleon retreated, and this disaster created an
opportunity: a Russian-British-Austrian-Prussian
alliance against France.
T he “Big Blunder” -- Russia
a The retreat from Spain came
on the heels of Napoleon’s
disastrous Russian Campaign
(1812-1813).
a In July, 1812 Napoleon led his
Grand Armee of 614,000 men
eastward across central Europe
and into Russia.

The Russians avoided a direct
confrontation with Napoleon.

They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of
Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as
“support” for the Russian cause].

The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their
crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their
supply bases in territory stripped of food.
Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow
a September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow,
but the city had largely been abandoned.
a The Russians had set fire to the city.
Moscow Is On Fire!
Russian General Kutuzov
The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.
Napoleon’s Retreat
from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—20,000 survive!
In 1813, the newly created alliance defeated
Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations.
Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and Louis XVIII
was recognized as king of France.
But Napoleon returned to France in triumph
after Louis XVIII’s return rekindled fears
of the old regime.
Napoleon’s Abdication
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
“T he War of the 7th Coalition”
1815: France 
Napoleon’s
“100 Days”
 Britain, Russia.
Prussia,
Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
e Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France
on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his
100 Days.
e Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of
the Austrians.
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Napoleon once again took to the battlefields.
He was dealt a crushing blow by British forces
at the Battle of Waterloo.
• He was forced
to abdicate a
second and
final time.
• Thus ended
the period of
the French
Revolution.
•
http://www.history.com/topics/napoleo
n/videos/napoleon?m=528e394da93a
e&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Napoleon
on His Way
to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena
Napoleon’s Tomb
Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb
June 28, 1940
Napoleon’s legacy:
Within France
•
Napoleonic Code
•
Expanded suffrage
•
•
Abroad
•
Failed to make Europe into a
French empire
More citizens had
rights to property
•
Sparked nationalist feelings
across Europe
More citizens had
rights to education
•
Created a new Germany
•
Sold the Louisiana Territory
and doubled the size of the
United States
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
$15,000,000
Arc de Triomphe
• Place Charles de Gaulle, western end of the Champs-Élysées
• The triumphal arch is in honor of those who fought for France, in
particular, those who fought during the Napoleonic Wars.
Engraved on inside and at the top of the arch are all of the names
of the generals and wars fought. Includes the Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier from WWI and where the Memorial Flame
burns.
After Waterloo, the map of Europe was redrawn.
Diplomats and heads of state sat down at the
Congress of Vienna.
The chief goal
was to create a
lasting peace
while preserving
the old order.
They wanted to:
• Create a balance
of power
• Protect the system
of monarchy
The Quadruple Alliance included Austria, Russia,
Prussia, and Britain.
• The architects of peace promoted the principle of legitimacy and
restored monarchies in nations throughout Europe.
• They pledged
to act together
to maintain the
balance of
power and
suppress
revolutionary
uprisings.
The creation of the Concert of Europe enabled the
powers to meet periodically to address any new
problems affecting the peace of Europe.
This peace lasted for 100 years, but
ultimately failed to recognize how
nationalism would shake the foundations of
Europe and Latin America in the next
decades.
Read More About the Revolution
Bibliographic Resources
« “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/
chron/rch5.htm
« “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the
French Revolution.”
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/
« Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and
Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge
University Press, 2001.
« “The Napoleonic Guide.”
http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm