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Jeremy Ávila Méndez
#1 10th
Mr. Sanchez
Biography of CHARLES DARWIN
What is the theoty of Charles
Darwin?
Summary 16.1
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=pQp2lFcDEbw
What was Charles Darwin's contribution to
science?
Some biologists in the times of
Darwin, werw suggesting that life of
Earth had also change over time.
• That change over time was called
evolution.
 Darwin developed a scientific
theory that explains how organism
were growing over large periods of
time through decent from common
ancestors.
What is evolution? (change in the
gene pool of a population from
generation to generation by such
processes as mutation, natural
selection, and genetic drift).
1831 - Began Darwin's journey
 Darwin, was invited to sail on the HMS Beagle's five
years voyage. Darwin planned to collected some species
of plants and some parts of animals.
 This voyage was importat of the history of science
because the Beagle trip led Darwin to grow in the
science.
What three patterns of biodiversity did
Darwin note?
 Darwin filled his notebook of some notes that he takes about
characteristics and habitats that he saw in the travel.
 Darwin didn't want only to write, he want to describe in a
scientific way.
 In his traveled he describe 3 different patterns of biodiversity:
Species vary globaly, species vary locally, and species vary over
time.
Species vary globaly
 Some habitats, Darwin finded in South America, Australia and
Africa.
 Darwin noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, animal
species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habitats
around the world.
I was asking some
questions about,
from were
thosehabitas comes?
I was asking, why weren't there
rabbits in Australian habits that
seemed ideal for them?
 Well, he was trying to understand what
was the evolution of those animals or
habitats and he was trying to answered in a
scientific opinion.
Species Vary Locally
 Darwin noticed that different, yet related, animal species often occupied different
habitats within a local area.
 Example: Galapagos Islands which are close together but have different
ecological conditions which lead to very distinct giant tortoises.
What I learned from the
islands is that the tortoises
shells varied from one island to
another. I learned that in the
islands theres some differet
varieties of habitats.
Species vary over time
What is a fossil?
 Fossils are preserved remains or
traces of ancient organism.
 Darwin also collected some
fossils in his traveled.
 Daarwin noticed that some
fossils of extinct animals were
similar to living species.
 One of the fossils unearthed by
Darwin was a giant animal that
is called armadillo.
Darwins results of evolution
 Darwin sent some of his plants and animal speciments
to experts. The results were so exact and find the
evolution of those species. Darwin was stunned by the
discoveries. He spent years researching and filling
notebooks with ideas about species and evolution.
?
What did Hulton and Lyell conclude
about Earth's history?
 Many Europeans think that the Earth
was only a few thousand years old.
 Hutton and Lyell concluded that
Earth is extreamly old and the
processes that changed Earth in the
past are the same processes that
operate in the present.
 In 1785, Hutton presented his
hypotheses about the geological
change of Earth. Lyell, published the
first volume of his great work,
Principles of Geology, in 1830.
James
Hutton
Charles
Lyell
Hutton and Geological Change
 Hutton recognized the connections between a number of
geological processes and geological features like: mountains,
valleys and layers of rock.
 Hutton also proposed that forces beneath Earth's surface can push
rock layers upwardtilting them in the process. Over lon periods,
can form mountains. Because of this long periods, Hutton
concluded that our planet must be more years than thousand. He
introduced deep time (idea that our planet history stretches back
over a period of time so long).
Lyell's Principles of Geology
 Lyell argued that laws of nature are constant over time and thatr
scientists must explain past events of processes they can observe in the
present. This way of thinking holds that geological processes we see
today, must be the same as millon years ago.
 Lyell theories , relied on there being enough time in Earth's history.
 Darwin begun to read Lyell's book during the voyage and helped to
apreciate the significance of an earthquake.
 Later, Darwin found fossils of marine animals in above the sea.
 Darwin realized that Lyell was right.
If Earth can change
over time, could life
change too?
Lamarck's Evolutionary Hypotheses
How did Lamarck propos that species evolve?
 Lamark suggested that organism could change during their lifetime by
selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies. He also
suggested that individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their
offspring, enabling species to change over time.
Lamarck's Ideas
 Lamark proposed that all organism have n inborn urge to
become more complex and perfect.
 Traits altered by an individual organism duringits life are called
acquired characteristics.
 During its lifetime could pass that traits on to its offspring is
called inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Evaluating Lamarck's Hypotheses
 Today, the Lamarck's hypotheses were incorrect.
 Evolution does not mean that over time a species becomes
"better" somehow, and evolution does not progress in a
predetermined direction.
 Lamarck was among the first to explain evolution.
 Also Lamrck's explanation of evolution was wrong.
Population Growth
 In 1798, English economist Thomas Malthus noted that humans
were being born faster than peolple dying.
What was Malthus's view of population growth?
 Malthus reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked,
there wouldn't be enough living space and food dor everyone.
 The forces that work against population growth, Mlathus
suggested, include war, famine, and disease.
Why was this realization so important?
 Darwin had become convinced that species evolved.
Artificial Selection
How is inherited variation used in artificial selection?
 To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied
change produced by plant and animal breeders. Tose breeders
knew that individual organism vary.
 The prosses in wich the selectively breeding would produce more
trees with even bigger fruit and cows that gave even more milk;
is called artificial selecttion.
 In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans
select those they find useful. Darwin put to the test by raising and
breeding plants and fancy pigeon varieties.
 Before Darwin, scientists thought variations among individuals in
nature were simply minor defects. Darwin's scientific explanation
dor evolution was now formed.