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GLOBAL STUDIES: Regents Review Packet
1. PRE-HISTORY
(1) Social Scientists:
(a) Archeologist: artifats, digging, study past
(b) Economist: study how markets work, money, trade, banking,
(c) Geographer: maps, topography, land, culture
(2) Paleolithic Era: pre-history, nomadic, clans, hunters/gatherers
(3) Neolithic Revolution: agriculture, permanent settlements, domestication,
surplus
(4) Elements of Civilization: cities, gov’t, religion, art, architecture, jobs,
classes
(5) Why did people settle near River Valleys?
Irrigation, fertile soil, flooding, silt
2. MESOPOTAMIA
(1) Fertile Crescent: Tigris and Euphrates, land between rivers
(2) Sumerian Contributions: oldest, cuneiform, ziggurats, epic of Gilgamesh
(3) Code of Hammurabi: law code…eye for eye…written laws, harsh
punishments
(4) Phoenicians: Mediterranean sea, alphabet…carriers of civilization
(5) Judaism: monotheism, ten commandments, torah, diaspora,
3. EGYPT
(1) Nile River: flooding yearly, gift
(2) Social Classes (Hierarchy): pharaoh at the top…religiously based
(3) Natural Barriers: deserts…cataracts
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(4) Religion: mummification, polytheism, sun god, afterlife
(5) Technology: pyramids, irrigation,
4. INDIA: HINDUISM!!!!
(1) Geography: Indus, ganges, himalyan mountains, monsoons
(2) Caste System: hierarchy, untouchables, determined by birth
(3) Karma: judgment on life…determines reincarnation
(4) Dharma: duties for your caste…vedas/mahabarata (books)
(5) Buddhism: religion of india, spreads to china
(a) Four Noble Truths: suffering
(b) Eightfold Path: give up desires
(c) Nirvana: enlightenment
(d) Cultural Diffusion: spreads to china
(6) Gupta Empire: golden age, art/science, mathematics…compare to tangsong
5. CHINA
(1) Dynastic Rule: empires based on family, such as Qin, Han, Ming, etc…
(2) Mandate of Heaven: divine right rule from God
(3) Ethnocentrism: superior to all other civilizations
(4) Geography: gobi desert, mountains, ISOLATIONISM
(5) Silk Road: connects Rome to China (Han dynasty)
(6) Great Wall: barrier to Mongolia, Isolation
(7) Confucianism: filial piety, philosophy, respect for elders, social order,
civil service exams
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(8) Legalism: Qin Dynasty, harsh punishments, Shi Huangdi
(9)
Daoism/Taoism: Yin-Yang, balance, harmony
6. GREECE
(1) Geography of Ancient Greece: mountains, archipelago, caused city states
(2) City-State (Polis): mini-governments of Greece
(3) Athens: culture, artwork, education, democracy, Parthenon, acropolis
(4) Pericles: leader of Athens
(5) Direct Democracy: people have a direct vote in government
(6) Sparta: military society, agoge, oligarchy, women had more rights
(7) Philosophers: plato, Socrates, Aristotle,
(8) Contributions: law, government, columns, math, science, democracy
(9) Alexander the Great: greek empire…blended culture, Hellenistic culture
7. ROME
(1) Republic: representative government
(2) Geography: Tiber River
(3) Contributions:
(a) Twelve Tables: law code
(b) Engineering: roads/aqueducts, Coliseum
(4) Pax Romana: roman peace, 200 years
(5) Fall of Rome: too big, invasion from north, compare to Han dynasty
(6) Rise of Christianity: Jesus, monotheism, bible
8. MIDDLE AGES
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(1) Effects of the Fall of Rome: 476 AD, Rome breaks apart, turn to Feudalism
(2) Dark Ages: no enlightenment, no education, church is form of unity
(3) Charlemagne: Holy Roman Emperor
(4) Black Death: killed 1/3 of Europe, bubonic plague
(5) Code of Chivalry (similar to Feudal Japan): code of conduct
(6) Manorialism: live on the manor, self-sufficient…compare to Japan
(7) Feudalism: desperate, de-centralized, SERFS-KNIGHTS-LORDS-KING
(8) Crusades: 1066, Pope attacks Muslims, regain control of Holy Land –
Christians lose….leads to cultural diffusion & trade
(9) Guilds: apprentice, journeyman, master craftsman…jobs, union of
workers
(10) Commercial Revolution: capitalism, MONEY, banking, stock
companies, insurance
(11)
Role of the Church: unified Europe, stability, artwork was religious
(12) Gothic Architecture: points, gargoyles, cathedrals, flying buttresses,
stained glass
9. ISLAM
(1) Religious Beliefs: five pillars of faith
(a) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
(b) Prayer: 5 times a day
(c) Other: jihad, almsgiving, monotheism, allah, fasting, Koran (holy
book)
(2) Mohammad: prophet NOT god
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(3) Sunni/Shiite: two sects of islam…division over who should be CALIPH
(ruler)
(4) Locations: Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia
(5) Ottoman Empire: Istanbul, cuts off trade w/ Europe – causes Age of
Exploration, former Byzantine,
(6) Mughal Empire: Taj Mahal, India, Sikhism
10. BYZANTINE EMPIRE:
(1) Location: former eastern Roman Empire…preserve Greco-Roman culture
(2) Justinian: leader, builds Hagia Sophia
(3) Code of Justinian: law code of Byzantine
(5) Influences: eastern orthodox, Cyrillic alphabet, domed architecture,
autocratic
11: AFRICA
(1) Geography: diverse topography, sub-saharan (below desert), Nile River,
Sahara Desert
(2) Bantu: metallurgy and language spread to south Africa
(3) Mali/Ghana/Songhai: gold and salt trade, west Africa, trans-Saharan trade
(4) Mansa Musa: muslim leader of mali, goes to mecca
(5) Trans-Saharan Trade: gold/salt, camal caravans
(6) Animism: nature based religion, spirits…compare to shintoism
12. JAPAN:
(1) Geography: archipelago, volcano’s, NO NATURAL RESOURCES causes
imperialism
(2) Feudal Society: merchants-peasants-samurai-daimyo-shogun (emperor
has no power)
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(3) Samurai: warriors class, traditional, code of bushido
(4) Tokugawa: causes ISOLATIONISM
(6) Shintoism: spirits, similar to animism, tea ceremony
13. MONGOLIA
(1) Genghis Khan: universal ruler, violent but fair ruler, golden horde
(2) Kublai Khan: expands empire into China, middle east, Russia (influences
autocracy)
(3) Warfare: composite bow and horse, stirups
(4) Marco-Polo: explorer who went to China during Mongol conquest
14. RENAISSANCE
(1) Definition: Rebirth of Culture, Classics
(2) Why does it begin in Italy: rich city-states, trade
(3) Medici: family that supports artists, Florence
(4) Leonardo Da Vinci: renaissance man, last supper, mona lisa, inventions
(5) Michaelangeo: statue of david, Sistine chapel
(6) Humanism: individualism
(7) Writers: Shakespeare, dante, cervantes
(7) Impact of the Renaissance: sci. Rev, monarchy grows, rebirth,
questioning, reformation, secular (church loses power)
15. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1) Definition: observation and experimentation, scientific method
(2) Copernicus/Galileo: telescope, heliocentric, astronomy
(3) Heliocentric: sun is center of universe, goes against church
(4) Newton: gravity
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(5) Impact: church loses influence, enlightenment, education, exploration,
inventions
16. PROTESTANT REFORMATION
(1) Definition: protest against catholic church, split, schism, new religions
(2) Martin Luther: main protestant
(a) 95 Thesis: reasons to break away
(b) Vernacular: common language, bible is spread
(3) Indulgences: sale to pay sins away…corrupt
(4) King Henry VIII: breaks away, wants divorce
(a) Act of Supremacy: Anglican Church, king henry has power
(5) Counter-Reformation: Church reforms itself
(a) Council of Trent: meeting to re-organize…orders of faith
17. ABSOLUTISM
(1) Definition: total control by monarchy
(2) Machiavelli: The Prince, talks about ends justify the means, absolute rule
(3) Peter/Catherine the Great: monarchs, Russia, warm water port,
WESTERNIZE (modernize)
(4) Louis XIV: France, Versailles Palace, Sun King, I AM THE STATE
18. LIMITED MONARCHY
(1) Definition: king shares power with parliament (Great Britain)
(2) Magna Carta: King Loses Power, England
(3) Queen Elizabeth: defeats Spanish Armada…England becomes world
Empire
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(4) Glorious Revolution: bill of rights…bloodless overthrow of King,
monarchy loses power to parliament
19. AGE OF EXPLORATION
(1) Mercantilism: Mother Country and Colony…needs raw materials, more
exporting than importing
(2) Columbus: New World, explorers for Spain, sets off age of exploration
(3) Encounter: meeting of Europeans and natives
(4) Aztec/Inca/Maya: had major society BEFORE Europeans came…farming,
civilization…adapt to environment
(5) Conquistadors: God, Gold, Glory, spanish conquerors,
CORTEZ/PIZARRO
(6) Columbian Exchange: trade between Europe and Americas
(7) Middle Passage/Triangle Trade: Slave trade…Africans brought to new
world
20. ENLIGHTENMENT
(1) Definition: turning point in government…people start believing in
rights…education
(2) John Locke: life, liberty, property, (NATURAL RIGHTS)..two treatises of
government
(3) Natural Rights: life, liberty, property…governments protect right
(4) “Consent of the Governed”: the people have a say/vote…democracy
(5) Montesquieu: separation of powers, branches, checks and balances
(6) Voltaire: freedom of speech
(7) Natural Law: law in nature works in society
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(8) Enlightened Despots: king who believes in enlightenment…catherine the
great
(9) Adam Smith: economic philosopher
(10)
Laissez Faire: hands off government
(11)
Influences: free market, supply/demand, capitalism
21. FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1) Influences on the French Revolution: enlightenment, American rev
(2) Background Causes of the French Revolution: third estate wants more
political power…debt, king Louis XVI
(3) Bastille Day: immediate cause…prison
(4) Reign of Terror: period of mass murder, guillotine, affects all classes
(5) Robespierre: Jacobin, leader of revolution, kills the king
(6) Effects of Revolution: Declaration of the rights of man, king is removed,
middle class grows (bourgeoisie),
(7) Napoleon: son of the rev, Napoleonic Code, Dictator/emperor, invades
Russia and FAILS because of weather
(8) Congress of Vienna (Metternich): turn back the clock on the revolutions
22. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS
(1) Causes: French rev, enlightenment
(2) Spanish Class Pyramid (Encomienda): Slaves-native americans-mestizoscreoles-peninsulares, birth
(3) Hacienda: plantations of latin America
(4) Simon Bolivar: liberator….andes mountains were a barrier
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(5) Gran Colombia: united latin america
(6) Toussaint L’Overture: slave rebellion in Haiti
(7) Modern Problems: drug cartels, poverty, revolutions, dictators, land
distrubtion
23. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1) Causes: industrialization, scientific rev, expansion, population, agricultural
(2) Britain: natural resources, island, coal, empire, iron, navigable rivers,
energy, stable government, education
(3) Urbanization: movement of people from farms to the cities!!!!!!
(4) Positive Effects: middle class grew, cheaper, faster, mass production,
(5) Negative Effects: pollutions, overworked, child labor, harsh conditions,
tenements
(6) Unions: work to fix the problems, shorter day, more money, fair treatment
(7) Karl Marx: communist manifesto, proletariat (workers) vs.
owners…revolution, classless society
24. NATIONALISM
(1) Define Nationalism: pride in your country
(2) Unification: leads to independence and unity movements
(3) Otto Von Bismarck and Blood/Iron: German Chancellor, Industry and
Military, Prussia
(4) Garibaldi, Cavour, Mazzini: Italian unification movement, Sword, Brain,
Soul – 1871, nationalists
(5) Irish: got to love the Irish
(a) Religion: catholic vs protestant, northern ireland
(b) Potato Famine: potato crop failed, caused mass migration
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25. IMPERIALISM:
(1) Define Imperialism: one industrialzied country takes over smaller nations
for resources/markets
(2) Berlin Conference (Mad Scramble): Europeans carve up Africa and
imperialize
(3) White Man’s Burden: Europeans had an “obligation” to civilize the natives
(4) Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest…strong versus the weak,
technology
(5) India: British take over, Jewel of empire
(a) Sepoy Rebellion: repel foreign invasion
(6) China (Sphere’s of Influence): carved into different trade zones, only
resources
(a) Boxer Rebellion: repel foreign invasion
(7) Japan:
(a) Before Imperialism: isolated, samurai, held back, Tokugawa
(b) Meiji Restoration: modernization, copy western nations, Opening of
Japan
(c) Imperial Japan: needs natural resources, treat countries poorly
26. WWI:
(1) Causes (Background):
(a) M: militarism
(b) A: alliances
(c) I: imperialism
(d) N: nationalism
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(2) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: immediate causes, sets off the
powder keg (Balkan peninsula)
(3) Trench Warfare: increase death count, brutal, new technology
(4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia leaves WWI
(5) Treaty of Versailles: repartitions on Germany, land taken, weakens
Germans, Austria Hungry broken up, causes WWII
(6) Effects of WWI: global depression and rise of dictators, WWII, League of
nations fails, new countries formed
27. RISE OF DICTATORS:
(1) Economy After WWI: depression
(2) Russian Revolution of 1917 (Bolshevik Revolution): communist, Lenin take
Russia and make it the USSR, (Peace, bread, land)…Lenin creates NEP
(New Economic Policy….compare to perestroika and glasnost)
(3) Josef Stalin: takes over USSR, becomes dictator, command economy,
collectivization, purges, 5-year plans (increase production)
(4) Francisco Franco: fascist dictator of Spain
(5) Benito Mussolini: fascist dictator of Italy
(6) Fascism: totalitarian government,
censorships, no rights
state
control,
dictator,
(7) Germany: Nazi, totalitarian
(a) Hyperinflation: money loses value
(b) Weimar Republic: government BEFORE Hitler, ineffective
(c) Nazi: National Socialist German Workers Party
(d) Hitler: dictator of Germany
(e) Mein Kampf: autobiography, publishes his anti-sematic views
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fear,
(f) Totalitarian: fascist, total control
(g) Propaganda: used to brainwash Germans
28. WWII
(1) Appeasement (Munich Conference): giving into Hitler’s demands for
land…Neville Chamberlain
(2) Blitzkrieg: lightning war
(3) Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy
(4) Invasion of Poland: 9/1/39, immediate cause
(5) Pearl Harbor: Japan attacks US
(6) D-Day: invasion
Germans…6/6/44
of
Normandy
France
to
reclaim
land
from
(7) Rape of Nanking: Japan destroys China
(8) Island Hopping: strategy used to reclaim islands from Japan in pacific
(9) Atomic Bomb: dropped on Japan
(a)
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: August 6&9 1945
(b)
Effects: ends WWII, starts Arms Race
29. COLD WAR
(1) Iron Curtain: dividing line between democracy and Communism (Winston
Churchill)
(2) Containment: stop the spread of communism
(3) Marshall Plan: $ to western Europe to rebuild and NOT turn communist
(4) Alliances:
(a)
NATO: North Atlantic treaty organization (allies)
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(b)
Warsaw Pact (Satellite States): USSR alliances, “Soviet Bloc”
(5) Berlin Wall: divides City of Berlin, Gemrany, torn down in 1989, symbol of
Cold War
(6) Korean War: Containment, 38th parallel
(7) Vietnam War: containment fails, Ho Chi Minh (leader), southeast Asia
(8) Arms Race: nuclear weapons
(9) Cuban Missile Crisis: Cuba…almost leads to nuclear war
(10) Perestroika and Glasnost: openness, brings democratic reforms to
Russia…Gorbechev
(11)
Collapse of USSR: Berlin Wall falls, turns back to Russia, 1989-1991
(12)
China: 1949 Revolution
(a) Mao Zedong: dictator of Communist China
(b) Long March: supported by peasants
(c) Great Leap Forward: economic policy, similar to 5-year plan,
communism (millions starve to death), cultural rev = make people
communist
(d) Deng Xiaoping: modernize China,
(e) Four Modernizations: move away from some communism, some
economic reforms, NOT POLITICAL
(f) Tiananmen Square: democratic protests in China
30. GENOCIDES
(1) Armenia: 100 year anniversary, 1st Genocide, Turkey against Armenians
(2) Holocaust: 12 millions deaths
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(a) Nuremberg Trials: crimes against humanity…Nazi’s charged
(3) Cambodia (Pol Pot): Cambodia, Killing fields, Khmer Rouge, Communist
(4) Balkans (Slobodan Milosevic): Genocide in the former Yugoslavia republic
(FYR)
(5) Africa:
(a) Rwanda: Huti vs. Tutsi, Tribal
(b) Darfur: Sudan
31. MIDDLE EAST
(1) India: owned by Britain
(a) Gandhi: protests against British (Indian National Congress) gains
independence
(b) Civil Disobedience: peaceful protests
(c) Salt March: boycott of British Salt
(d) Partition: split between India and Pakistan)…still a conflict today
(2) Israel: Holy Land
(a) Zionism/Balfour Declaration: belief that Jewish people have a right to
the Holy Land
(b) Six Day War: Israel gains territory
(c) Occupied Territories: Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Golan
Heights
(d) Camp David/Oslo Accords: peace accords, roadmap for peace
(Egypt and Israel)
(3) OPEC: Oil group of middle eastern nations (Organization of Petroleum
exporting countries), control oil prices
(4) Suez Canal: connects red sea and Mediterranean sea, location important
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(5) Turkey:
(a) Secular: non-religious government
(b) Ataturk: modernized Turkey, nationalist (Shah and Peter Great),
westernized
(6) Iranian Revolution: 1979
(a) Shah: secular dictator, modernize/westernize
(b) Iranian Revolution: Islamic rebellion
(1) Ayatollah Khomeini: Creates an Islamic state in Iran, against
the west
(c) Theocracy: religious based government
(i) Sharia Law: Islamic government
(7) Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait over oil
(8) Islamic Fundamentalism: radical Islamic terrorist groups
(a)
Jihad: terrorist holy wars against the west
(b) Terrorism: Al Queda, ISIS
32. GLOBALIZATION
(1) Apartheid in Africa: segregation of the races
(a) Segregation: races are “Apart”, schools, restaurants, etc…
(b) Nelson Mandela: leads nationalist movement to get rid of apartied, ANC
(African National Congress)
(a) Background: went to prison
(b) Protests: civil disobedience
(c) Effects: becomes 1st black President
(2) Problems in Africa:
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(a) Tribalism: too many groups, leads to civil wars, divides continent
(b) AIDS: disease destroying sub-saharan africa
(c) Poverty: no money at all basically, third world, keeps countries behind,
debt
(3) Environmental Concerns:
(a) Desertification: deserts are expanding, Sahara, ruins farmland
(b) Deforestation: forests are being destroyed…Amazon Rainforest
(4) NAFTA: north american free trade agreement (Tariffs-tax on trade) $$$
(5) WTO: world trade organization $$$
(1) EU: European Union (EURO) $$$
(6) Burma (Aung San Suu Kyi): civil disobedience leader of Myanmar/Burma, in
prison, southeast asia
Nuclear Proliferation: nuclear weapons, IRAN and N. Korea are seeking them
(a) WMDs: weapons of mass destruction
(7) Human Rights: human trafficking, child labor, sweat shops, education, clean
water, basic human rights
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