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Topics of Relevance
Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with
intelligent
behavior,
learning,
and
adaptation in machines (Intelligence of
Machines).
• Research in AI is concerned with
producing machines to automate tasks
requiring intelligent behavior.
AI Research
• Deduction, reasoning, problem solving :
Human
beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather
than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able
to model. Algorithms are developed to copy human ability of problem
solving.
• Knowledge representation:
Knowledge representation and
knowledge engineering are central to AI research. Many of the problems
machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the
world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties,
categories and relations between objects; situations, events, states and
time; causes and effects etc.
• Planning:
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve
them. They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a
representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions
about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that
maximize the utility (or "value") of the available choices
• Learning:
Machine learning has been central to AI research from the
beginning. Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of
input. Supervised learning includes both classification (be able to determine
what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of
things from several categories) and regression (given a set of numerical
input/output examples, discover a continuous function that would generate
the outputs from the inputs).
• Natural language processing:
gives machines the ability to
read and understand the languages that the human beings speak.
• Motion and manipulation:
The field of robotics is closely
related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such
tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of
localization (knowing where you are), mapping (learning what is around
you) and motion planning (figuring out how to get there)
• Perception:
Machine perception is the ability to use input from
sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sonar and others more exotic) to
deduce aspects of the world.
• Social intelligence: Emotion and social skills
• Creativity:
• General intelligence: Most researchers hope that their work
will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence
(known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human
abilities at most or all of them.
Some of the Problem Solving
Techniques
for many problems, is to use "heuristics" or
"rules of thumb" that eliminate choices that
are unlikely to lead to the goal (called
"pruning the search tree").
Heuristics supply the program with a "best
guess" for the path on which the solution
lies.
Blind hill climbing: A very different kind of search
came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the
mathematical theory of optimization.
For many problems, it is possible to begin the
search with some form of a guess and then refine
the guess incrementally until no more refinements
can be made. These algorithms can be visualized
as blind hill climbing:
we begin the search at a random point on the
landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep
moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top.
Neural Network
A neural network is an interconnected group
of nodes, akin to the vast network of
neurons in the human brain.
• Biological neural networks are made up of real
biological neurons that are connected or
functionally related in a nervous system.
• Artificial neural networks are composed of
interconnecting artificial neurons (programming
constructs that mimic the properties of biological
neurons)
• Any Examples of Information Systems
based on Artificial Intelligence???
VIRTUAL REALITY….!!! (Live Example)
Office automation
• Office automation helps in optimizing or automating
existing office procedures.
• Office automation refers to the varied computer
machinery and software used to digitally create, collect,
store, manipulate, and relay office information needed
for accomplishing basic tasks and goals.
• Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the
management of electronic business information
comprise the basic activities of an office automation
system.
• How does LAN / WAN relates to office
automation…..???
E-Commerce And E-Business
• E-commerce:
Electronic commerce, commonly known as ecommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and
selling of products or services over electronic
systems such as the Internet and other computer
networks.
• E-business includes e-commerce but also
covers internal processes such as production,
inventory management, product development,
risk
management,
finance,
knowledge
management and human resources.
• What is the difference between Ecommerce and E-business???
Difference
• Ecommerce is part of E-business.
• E-business goes far beyond ecommerce
or buying and selling over the Internet, and
deep into the processes and cultures of an
enterprise.
• Electronic business transactions involving
money are "eCommerce" activities.
• WEB 1.0
• WEB 2.0
• WEB 3.0
Assignment:
Find-out in details what Web 3.0 is, and give
some examples to illustrate !!
Multimedia
• Multimedia is media and content that
utilizes a combination of different content
forms.
• Multimedia includes a combination of text,
audio, still images, animation, video, and
interactivity content forms.
• Linear Category (Sequential) , Non-Linear
category (Interactive).
Multimedia Usage
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•
•
•
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Commercial
Entertainment and Fine Arts
Education
Engineering
Industry
Others
Computer Malwares
• Computer Virus: A computer virus is a computer
program that can replicate itself and spread from one
computer to another.
• Worm: A computer worm is a standalone malware
computer program that replicates itself in order to spread
to other computers.
• Trojan Horse: is a standalone malicious file or
program that does not attempt to inject itself into other
files unlike a computer virus and often tricks as a
legitimate file or program. (Can give full control of the
infected system)
• Spyware, adware, Rootkits, scare-ware(fake-warnings),
Ransome-ware…..
Phishing
• Phishing is attempting to acquire information
(and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as
usernames, passwords, and credit card details
by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in
an electronic communication.
• Forged Emails ….
• It often directs users to enter details at a fake
website whose look and feel are almost identical
to the legitimate one.
Pivot Table
• a pivot table is a data summarization tool found
in data visualization programs.
• a pivot-table can automatically sort, count, total
or give the average of the data stored in one
table or spreadsheet.
• It displays the results in a second table (called a
"pivot table") showing the summarized data.
• The user sets up and changes the summary's
structure by dragging and dropping fields
graphically.
Example of a Pivot Table…..Using
MSACCESS !!!
Course Conclusion…!!!