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1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. d. - Ch 14/1 Rapid industrialization changes Russian economy. Number of factories doubled. Seeking foreign investors and rasing taxes in an effort to build up Russian Industries. Built Trans-Siberian Railway Rapid industrialization also caused problems grueling work conditions low wages child labor poor morale caused several revolutionary movements to arise and to compete for power. Marxists (Those following views of Karl Marx), established successful following in Russia. Based on concept that proletariat (working class) would rule the country 3. Marxists split into to groups – Mensheviks and Bolsheviks -Mensheviks wanted popular support for the revolution (p. 434) -Bosheviks - more radical, and supported a smaller of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change. **Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) – leader of Bolsheviks. Fled to western Europe to avoid being arrested until safe to return. Led revolution from there. 4. *Bloody Sunday - Started off as over 200,000 workers petitioning for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected legislature. - Soldiers were ordered to fire on the crowd, injuring thousands and killing hundreds. (how Bloody Sunday got its name.) Several hundred killed and over 1000 wounded. - Caused a waive of strikes and violence. Forced Nicholas to approve the creation of Russia’s 1st parliament (the Duma.) Dissolved in 10 weeks because czar was hesitant to share his power. 5. - - **March Revolution - March 1917- Shortages of bread and fuel caused 5 days of wide spread rioting. Soldiers that were initially sent in to stop the rioters eventually sided with them. Forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne. He and his family were executed a year later. The Duma established a provisional (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky. His decision to continue fighting WW I made conditions in Russia even worse. Peasants and city workers were becoming angrier and more radical. Led to formation of soviets (local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers.**) Germany ( Russian adversary) secretly helped arrange Lenin’s return because they believed this would cause even more trouble and hurt Russia’s war effort against Germany (April 1917). 6. ***Bolshevik Revolution Shortly after Lenin’s return provisional government falls (factory workers storm Winter Palace) and takes over provisional government. -Lenin orders all farmland be distributed among the peasants. - Gave control of factories to the workers. -Bolshevik govt and Germany signed truce to stop fighting and begin peace talks. -Led to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 – terms included Russia surrendering 1/3 of its territory to Germany and it’s allies. Large number or Russian people angered by this treaty . 7. Civil War in Russia - Red Army (Bolsheviks) against White Army. White Army made up of several different groups who barely cooporated with each other, and had only one thing in common.. defeating the Bolsheviks Over 14 million Russians died during this 3 year struggle. Loss of life from fighting, and world wide flu epidemic helped Red Army crush all opposition. **(Compare & contrast between Bolshevik, French and American Revolutions..VERY IMPORTANT!!!) p. 438. Lenin’s idea of restoring order focused on reviving economy and restructuring the govt. - Devised NEP (New Economic Policy) – allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of turning them over to the govt. - Govt kept control of major industries, banks, and means of communication. Also allowed some small factories, businesses and farms operate under private ownership, and also encouraged foreign investment. These new policies and post civil war peace helped Russia slowly recover. By 1928 farms and factories were producing as much as they had before WW 1. - **Bolsheviks saw nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty, so Lenin organized the govt into several self governing republics under the central govt, and renamed country the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Also renamed the party the Communist Party. His perception of communism was a classless society that would exist after workers had seized power. In reality, he had created dictatorship of the Communist Party, not a dictatorship of the proletariat as Marx had promoted (perceptions and change!!) Ch 14/2 After Lenin suffered a stroke, Stalin (“man of steel”) took over Communist Party. Employs totalitarianism concept (total centralized control over every aspect of public and private life!) - Tactics used included police terror, indoctrination (basically brain washing), propaganda and censorship, religious or ethnic persecution.( p.442-443) - Stalin also employed command economy concept. (p. 443) Set in motion several 5 Year plans to overhaul the economy. (p. 443), as well as an agricultural revolution by way of establishing collective farms. (p. 444) - **Women’s Rights (!?) p. 444-445. - By mid 1930’s Stalin achieves total control (p. 445)