Download Section One Reading Notes 3

Reading Notes
Section 8.1
Pages 268-281
The three main functions of the circulatory system are:
1. The circulatory system transports ___________ (from the _______________
system), ______________ molecules (from the _______________ system),
and _____________ materials (from the excretory system).
2. The circulatory system regulates internal ______________ and transports
________________.
3. The circulatory system protects against blood loss from ____________ and
against disease-causing ________________ or toxic substances introduced
into the body.
The three components of the human circulatory system are the ____________,
________________, and ________________.
The four chambers of the mammalian heart are:
(a) ___________________
(b) ___________________
(c) ___________________
(d) ____________________
The function of the heart valves is to ensure that blood flows in the correct
________________. There are __________ valves. Including the atrioventricular
valve separating the __________________ and the _________________, which is
a two-flapped valve and thus called a _____________ valve, or the
______________ valve.
A _______________ valve separates the right atrium and ventricle because it has
____________ flaps.
Most ________________ carry blood away from the heart and are considered
oxygen ____________. Although, one set of arteries, the _____________ arteries,
carry __________________ blood (or oxygen poor blood) to the _____________.
Most ______________ carry blood toward the _____________. Although the
_______________________ veins carry ___________________ blood back from
the ______________ to the __________________.
__________________ link arteries and veins.
Arteries: An artery has highly _____________ walls. This
____________________ allows the artery to first expand as a wave of blood
surges through it during the contraction of the __________________, and then
snap back again during the _________________ of the ventricles. This movement
keeps the blood flowing in the _________________ direction and provides an
additional ____________________ motion to help force the _________________
through the blood vessels.
______________: The veins are not as ______________, and cannot
_________________ to help the blood move back to the _______________, so the
contraction of ________________ keeps the blood flowing toward the heart. Veins
also have ______________________ that prevent the blood from flowing
___________________.
Capillaries: _________________ are the ________________ blood vessels. The
capillary wall is a _________________ layer of cells. ______________ and
__________________ exchange takes place at the capillary level.
The ___________________, or the SA node, is often referred to as the pacemaker
because it is the place from which these stimuli originate during normal heart
functions. This node generates an ___________________ signal that spreads over
the two _________________ and makes them contract ___________________.
As the atria _______________, the signal reaches another node called the
_____________________________ or AV node. This node transmits the electrical
signal through specialized _____________________ cells over the walls of the
_______________________ to start their contraction.
The change in voltage produced by these electrical signals can be measured using a
device called an _______________________ (ECG).
In a normal ECG reading, the small voltage increase marked as ______ shows the
electrical activity immediately prior to ______________ contraction.
The large spike at QRS shows the electrical activity immediately prior to
___________________ contraction.
As the ventricles recover from the contraction, the small spike at ________ shows
the electrical activity as the ventricles _____________, before the next stimulation
by the __________ node.
The “120” is the _________________ pressure. Systolic pressure is the maximum
pressure during _________________ contraction. The ventricles then
______________ and the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and the aorta
_____________.
The “80” is the ______________ pressure. Diastolic pressure is the
__________________ pressure before the __________________ contract again.
The _____________________ pathway transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
When the blood reaches the lungs, ______________ and ___________________
are exchanged by _________________ between blood in the
_____________________ and air in the _______________ of the lungs through
the actions of the respiratory system.
Oxygen rich blood returns to the _____________ side of the heart by way of the
______________________ veins.
The ________________ pathway moves oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle
of the heart to the body tissues. ________________ and _________________
move into the tissue cells and waste products move __________ of the tissue cells
into the _______________.
The coronary pathway is dedicated to providing blood to the muscle tissue of the
____________ itself. The coronary ____________ and cardiac veins spread
throughout the muscle tissue of the _____________. The coronary arteries bring
_________________ and nutrients to heart cells, which ____________ receive any
benefit from the blood moving through the _____________ of the heart.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of ______________ for Canadians.
Many of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, such as
_____________, obesity, and insufficient ______________, can be reduced or
eliminated by lifestyle changes.
_______________ is a term used to describe a condition when the walls of the
arteries _______________ and lose some of their elastic properties, thus
becoming ______________. There is a buildup of plaque (_____________
deposits, calcium and ______________ tissues) on the inside of the
_____________ walls. This ______________ the blood flow and thus the
_____________ and nutrient supply to ______________ tissues.
This could lead to angina (chest pain), blood ____________, shortness of
______________, heart attack or even heart _________________.
Exercise, ________ smoking, eating a diet ___________ in saturated fats and high
in ________________ and vegetables can ______________ this condition in many
people.
A ____________________ operation is used when arteriosclerosis persists. A
segment of healthy _______________ or vein is taken from ________________
part of the body and used to create a _________ pathway around a
__________________ vessel near the heart. One end of the new segment is
attached to the ______________, and the other end is attached to a point in the
blood vessel ________________ the blockage to bypass it.