Download Introduction to Organic Chemistry What is organic chemistry? What

Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1. What is organic chemistry?
2. What is a hydrocarbon?
3. Fill in the following Table
Type
Name
Formula
Example
Structural
Formula
Molecular
Drawing
(3D sketch
with bold
and hash
marked
arrows)
Hybridiz
ation
Geometry
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Aromatic
Hydrocar
bon
4. What is the geometry of carbon when it forms four bonds?
5. What is a skeletal structure?
6. Why are single sp3 bonds drawn as a zig-zag?
7. Draw the full structure and skeletal structure of propane
Types of
Bonds
Present
Reactiv
ity?
Solubil
ity?
Intermolec
ular
Force(s)
Boiling
Point
Properties
Rotate?
Alkanes
8. What is an alkane?
9. Refer to the table below. How many carbons are in methane? Butane? Nonane?
Number of
Prefix Compound name
carbon atoms
1
Meth-
Methane
2
Eth-
Ethane
3
Prop-
Propane
4
But-
Butane
5
Pent-
Pentane
6
Hex-
Hexane
7
Hept-
Heptane
8
Oct-
Octane
9
Non-
Nonane
Image
10. What is a substituent?
How to name a compound like 2-methylhexane
11. Draw 2-methylhexane
12. Name by doing the following:
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
13. How do you name a compound that has more than one type of substituent?
14. Draw 3-ethyl-2,3,5-trimethylheptane
15. Name this compound.
16. What is a cycloalkane?
17. What is an isomer?
18. Draw an example of two isomers.
19. How does adding branches; which increases surface area, influence melting point and boiling point? Why?
20. How does chain length influence melting point and boiling point? Why?
21. Go back to the table you’re filling in on this sheet and record the reactivity and solubility of alkanes.
Alkenes
22. What is an alkene?
23. Apply the alkene rules below to drawing 2,3- dibromobutene
a. The main chain of carbon atoms must contain both carbons in the double bond. The main chain is numbered so that the double
bond gets the smallest number.
b. Before the root name, the number of the carbon atom at which the double bond starts (the smaller number) is written.
c. If more than one double bond is present, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used before the –ene
24. Can an alkene rotate? Why or why not?
25. What is a geometric isomer?
26. How do isomers affect the boiling point of alkenes?
27. What is cis?
28. What is trans?
29. Draw the full structures of cis-4-heptene and trans-4-heptene
30. How does changing spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond influence their melting points?
31. What is the difference between an unsaturated, saturated and trans fat?
32. What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
33. Which type of fat is most likely to clog your arteries. Why?
34. How does the melting point relate to the “shelf life” of a fat?
Alkyne Nomenclature
35. What is an Alkyne?
36. Draw 6-methyl-3-heptyne
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
37. What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
38. What are some commonly named aromatic hydrocarbons?
39. What happens to electrons in aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene?
40. Resonance structures describe molecules that have
a) Hybrid orbitals
b) Rapid equilibria
c) Resonating electrons
d) Multiple electron-dot formulas
41. The structure of the CO32- ion can be described in the Lewis formulation by these structures. This means that:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Two carbon-to oxygen bonds are single bonds; the third is a double bond
Three independent forms of the CO32- ion coexist in equilibrium
The electrons must be rapidly exchanging among the three forms
The CO32- ion exists in only one form: an average of the three principal structures shown
Functional Groups
42. What is a functional group?
43. What does R stand for in a functional group?
44. What does X stand for?
Functional group Structure
45. Define the following:
a) Alcohol
b) Ether
c) Aldehyde
d) Ketone
e) Carboxylic Acid
More Info
Alkyl halide
R-X
One of the H atoms in an alkane
replaced with a halogen
Alcohol
R-OH
The number of the carbon
group on which the alcohol is
located is places before the
name of the compound
Ether
R-O-R
Two alkyl groups connected
to an oxygen atom
Amine
NR3
Derivative of ammonia (NH3)
f) Ester
g) Amide
h) Amine
46. What is a protein?
47. What is the monomer of the polymer- protein?
48. How would you recognize an amino acid and protein?
49. What is the type of reaction called when one amino acid joins with another?
50. What product is released when they are joined?
51. What is the bond called that forms between amino acids that have joined together to form a protein?
52. What types of intermolecular forces exist between proteins?
53. Why is shape important for a protein and enzymes?
54. What is a carbohydrate and what are the two functional groups found on them?
55. What types of structures do carbohydrates form in solution?
56. What is a lipid?
57. Why is a lipid nonpolar when they include an ester bond?
58. What are the three parts of a nucleotide called?
59. What types of bonds occur between strands of DNA and what is bound to what?