Download PowerPoint - Chapter 2 - University of Detroit Jesuit High School

Earth in Space
CHAPTER 2
The Solar System
SECTION 1
How Do We Know What We Know
About Space and the Universe?
• Astronomers
– Study objects and matters beyond Earth
– Have existed for centuries
• Tools used by astronomers:
– For most of history: just the ______________
– 1600s: Galileo’s telescope
– Today: space age technology!
Famous Astronomer from
U of D Class of 1974
• Jesuit Brother Guy Consolmagno
• Pope Francis named him to be the head of the
_________________ in September 2016
• What does God show us when we “do
science”?
– http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/09/22/pope-francis-guyconsolmagno-vatican-astronomer/72572258/ -
• Wouldn’t it be great to have a personal
conversation with Brother Guy???
Hubble Space Telescope
• First powerful telescope placed in orbit around Earth, giving
incredibly clear view of space
• http://hubblesite.org/gallery/
– Complete Hubble Telescope Worksheet
Satellites
• Satellite = body that orbits a _______ body
• Natural satellites: moon or planets that orbit another
planet or star
– Ex. the _______ (orbits the Earth)
– Ex. the ______ (orbits the Sun)
• Artificial satellites: a _________ launched into space
and moves around Earth or another body in space
– Ex. First satellite, Sputnik 1, launched in 1957 by the Soviet
Union
– Ex. Today thousands of satellites exist in space
• Sometimes referred to as “space stations”
What Satellites Looks Like
Satellite in space
Numerous satellites orbiting Earth
all at the same time
Primary Uses for Satellites
• Signals are sent up to a satellite and then the satellite sends
signals back down to Earth at different locations
• _______ = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• NASA launches and tracks satellites
• See NASA website to understand uses for satellites:
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/58/features/what-is-a-satellite-58.html#.VEQViRZbSBA
Uses for Satellites
• Help ______________________________________
– Example: Movements of asteroids
• Help ________________________________________
– Example: Storms, ozone levels, famine conditions
• Permit ______________________________________
– Example: Beam Internet, TV, and telephone signals from
different locations
• Detect ______________________________________
– Example:
• Enemy movements and weapon construction
• Global Positioning System (GPS): reveals exact location of something
Google Earth
• This amazing tool is all made possible by
satellites
• Look at street view for U of D High at 8400 S.
Cambridge Detroit Michigan
• See the geographical changes over 30 years
(especially #2, 4 and 6):
http://www.businessinsider.com/time-lapsemaps-google-earth-engine-2014-10#
The Universe
• Universe = made up of all existing things,
including Earth and space
• Space filled up with large objects called stars
• Galaxies = large clusters of ________
• Milky Way
– Galaxy we live in
– Also a really good candy bar
Milky Way
Milky Way from Earth
Milky Way from Space
The Solar System
• Solar System = the sun and the group of
bodies that revolve around it
• Main bodies in solar system:
– Sun
– Planets
– Dwarf planets (Pluto in this category now)
– Small solar system bodies (ex. asteroids, comets)
– Moons
• Planets = major bodies that _____________
Planets in the Solar System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Sun
Earth
Moon
• Small compared to  3rd planet from the  Much smaller than
Sun
huge stars
Earth
 5th largest planet in  Orbits around the
 But much bigger
solar system
than the ______
________
 Orbits around the
o 1 complete
______
orbit: ______
o 1 complete
days
orbit: _______  Surface is barren,
days
volcanic
 No air, water, life
Solar Energy
• Solar energy = energy that comes from the
Sun and reaches Earth as light and heat
• All life depends on solar energy!
– Affects weather, plants, animals, humans
• How much solar energy is received at different
locations on the Earth depends upon 3 things:
– __________
– __________
– __________
ROTATION of the Earth on its Axis
• Axis: like an imaginary
rod running through the
Earth from North and
South Pole
• Rotation = ____
complete spin of the
Earth on its axis
ROTATION of the Earth on its Axis
• 1 rotation of the Earth on its axis takes _______
• The Earth rotates on its axis west to east
– Why sun appears to be “rising” in east and “setting” in
west
• See Google Earth “sunlight across the landscape” feature
• With rotation, the Sun is only hitting half of
Earth at a time
– The part of the Earth getting light  _______
– The part of the Earth not getting light  _________
REVOLUTION of Earth Around Sun
• Earth rotates on its axis AND
revolves around the Sun
• Revolution = _________ (or
oval) orbit that Earth makes
around Sun every _______
days (1 Earth year)
• Leap Year: to account for
the ¼ day, every 4 years we
have an extra full day on
February 29.
– This year is called “leap year.”
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/scho
ols/scienceclips/ages/9_10/
earth_sun_moon.shtml
TILT of Earth’s Axis
in Relation to the Sun
• North Pole axis is always pointing to same spot 
North Star
• BUT as the Earth moves around the Sun, the
North Pole axis is not always pointing at the Sun
• Watch video to see what tilt looks like:
•
https://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es04
08/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
• The tilt of the Earth affects the amount of solar
energy that different places receive during the
year
Summary
• How do rotation, revolution and tilt affect the
amount of solar energy received at different
locations on the Earth?
– Rotation: allows the warming effects of the
sunlight and cooling effects of darkness during a
____________________
– Revolution and tilt: causes hemispheres to
receive varying amounts of solar energy during
__________________________
Earth – Sun Relationships
SECTION 2
Distribution of Solar Energy
on Earth’s Surface
Tropics
Polar
Regions
Middle
Latitudes
 Amount of solar
energy: receive lots
of solar energy all
year
 Climate: Warm
climate
 Location: _________
____________________
 Amount of solar
 Amount of solar
energy: Receive little
energy: varies
or no solar energy
depending upon the
during year
season
 Climate: Cold most  Climate: varies
of the time
depending upon the
 Location: ________
season
____________________  Location: ________
____________________
____________________
Color the following regions:
Tropics = ______
Polar Region = _____
Middle Latitude = ________
Angle of the Rays and Solar Energy
• Amount of solar energy received depends upon the angle of
the Sun’s rays striking the Earth
• _________________ rays are always hotter than angled rays
Angled Rays
Direct Rays (hottest)
Angled Rays
How Seasons Occur
• Times of greater or lesser sun energy result in the
_____________________
• Summer: Sun’s energy is stronger and daytime lasts longer
• Winter: Sun’s energy is weaker and daytime lasts shorter
• Fall and Spring: Sun’s energy is more evenly distributed
and daylight and darkness closer to equal length
• The tilt of Earth’s axis causes the Northern Hemisphere and
Southern Hemisphere to have ____________seasons at
same time of year
– Video overview: https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/mit-k12/mit-k12-measurement/v/earth-s-tilt-1-thereason-for-the-seasons
Observations:
• The North Pole axis is pointing in the direction of the Sun.
• The Sun’s rays are most direct in the Northern Hemisphere,
making it warmer there.
• It is Summer in the Northern Hemisphere and Winter in the
Southern Hemisphere.
Observations:
• The North Pole axis is pointing away from the Sun.
• The Sun’s rays are most direct in the Southern Hemisphere, making
it warmer there.
• It is Summer in the Southern Hemisphere and Winter in the
Northern Hemisphere.
Solstice = time when
Earth’s poles at their
greatest angle toward
or away from Sun
(___/ year)
Equinox = time when
Earth’s poles are not
pointed toward or away
from Sun (____/year)
December Solstice = December 21
• What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere:
– North Pole is pointing _______ from Sun
– ____________daylight hours of the year
– First day of Winter
• What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere:
– South Pole pointing ____________Sun
– ____________number of daylight hours of the
year
– First day of Summer
Sun’s Rays During
December Solstice
• Southern Hemisphere
– Sun’s most direct rays
along the Tropic of
Capricorn
– 24 hours of sunlight in
____________________
• Northern Hemisphere
– Receives Sun’s less direct
rays
– 24 hours of darkness in
the _______________
June Solstice = June 21
• What’s happening in the Northern Hemisphere
– North Pole pointing toward Sun
– Greatest daylight hours of the year
– First day of ____________
• What’s happening in the Southern Hemisphere
– South Pole pointing away from Sun
– Least number of daylight hours of the year
– First day of _______________
Sun’s Rays During
June Solstice
• Northern Hemisphere
– Sun’s most direct rays
along the Tropic of
Cancer
– 24 hour sunlight in Artic
Circle
• Southern Hemisphere
– Receives Sun’s less direct
rays
– 24 hours of darkness in
the Antarctic Circle
March Equinox = March 21
• What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere:
– Poles ________________________Sun (at 90° angles with
sun)
– Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and
darkness
– First day of Spring
• What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere:
– Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with
sun)
– Hemispheres receive _______________ of daylight and
darkness
– First day of Fall
September Equinox = September 21
• What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere:
– Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with
sun)
– Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and
darkness
– First day of Fall
• What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere:
– Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with
sun)
– Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and
darkness
– First day of Spring
Sun’s Rays During Equinoxes
(March or September)
• In both Hemispheres, Sun’s rays hit
_________at Equator
• 12 hours each of sunlight and darkness
Summary
ROTATION
DAY AND
NIGHT
Revolution
and Tilt
4 Seasons
http://go.hrw.com/activities/frameset.html?main=4235.html
Review videos:
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/mit-k12/mit-k12-measurement/v/earth-stilt-2-land-of-the-midnight-sun
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/reasons-for-the-seasons-rebecca-kaplan
HOW SUN/EARTH RELATIONSHIPS
AFFECT TIME ZONES
Different Time Zones
Around the World
Telling Time in Different Time Zones
Time is measured from Royal
Greenwich Observatory in
Greenwich, England (also place
where Prime Meridian is
measured)
– Referred to as “Greenwich
Mean Time” or “________”
• _______different time
zones across the world
•
Note about “squiggly” lines on some
time zones: some time zones have
been redrawn so that there is only 1
time zone for a country instead of 2
For each time
zone east of the
Prime Meridian
Time is 1 hour
ahead of GMT
(meaning 1 hour
later than GMT
For each time
zone west of the
Prime Meridian
Time is 1 hour
behind GMT
(meaning 1 hour
earlier than GMT)
Example: When it is 10AM in London, England, it is 11AM in Rome, Italy,
because Rome is only one time zone to the east of GMT.
When it is 10PM in New York City, it is 3AM in Greenwich, England, because
New York is 5 times zones to the east of GMT.
Exercises with Time Zones
Use the Time Zone Map of the World to answer the
following questions:
1. If it is 5PM in Chicago, USA, what time is it in London,
England?
2. If it is 3PM in Jakarta, Indonesia, what time is it in
Cairo, Egypt?
3. If it is 6PM in Beijing, China, what time is it in Toronto,
Canada?
4. If it is 11AM in Sydney, Australia, what time is it in
Lima, Peru?
5. If it is 9PM in Vancouver, Canada, what time is it in
Chicago, USA?
Time Zones in the Continental
United States (meaning not Alaska and Hawaii)
Knowing Time Zones in the
Continental US
• There is a ___________ time difference
between the zones in the Continental US
• If it is 12PM in the Eastern Time Zone, it is:
– ______ in the Central Time Zone
– ______in the Mountain Time Zone
– ______in the Pacific Time Zone
Exercises with US Time Zones
1. If it is 10AM in Traverse City, Michigan, what time
is it in:
– Dallas, Texas:
– Denver, Colorado:
– San Francisco, California:
2. If it is 4PM in New York City, what time is it in:
– Topeka, Kansas:
– Phoenix, Arizona:
– Salem, Oregon:
Daylight Savings Time
•
•
•
Why we have it?
– In the Continental US and in some other countries,
time is adjusted to
____________________________________during the
warmer months. The adjustments give us more
daylight hours in the evening. It is as if we are moving
an hour of sunlight from the morning to the evening so
that we can have more light in the evening during the
summer! Nice!
How it works?
– Turn back the clocks in the Fall (“fall back”)  we get
an extra hour to sleep in on the days the clocks
change!
– Turn ahead the clocks in the Spring (“spring ahead”)
 we lose an hour of sleep on the days the clocks
change!
When do we change the clocks next?
–
Sunday, November 6, 2016  Set clocks back one
hour!
–
Sunday, March 12 2017  Set clocks ahead one
hour!
International Date Line
• International Date Line = longitude line exactly
180° from the Prime Meridian
• When you cross the International Date Line 
day and date change
• When you cross the International Date Line from
the west and going east  gain a day
• When you cross the International Date Line from
the east and going west  lose a day
• Note that line is sometimes squiggly to prevent it
being 2 different days in the same country
Exercises with International Date Line
1. If a flight leaves Detroit at 4PM on October 5, 2015 going to
Hong Kong and the flight takes 12 hours, what date and time
would it be when the airplane arrives in Hong Kong?
2. Suppose a ship left Honolulu, Hawaii at 10PM on December 5
and traveled to Auckland, New Zealand. If the trip lasted 6
hours, what date and time would the ship arrive in Auckland?
3. If a flight leaves Paris, France at 8PM on June 3 going west to
Los Angeles, California, and the flight takes 10 hours, what date
and time would it be when the airplane arrives in Los Angeles?