Download chapter 1 review with answers

Chapter 1 Review
A) Approaches
1. Behaviorism
- (B.F Skinner) people and animals are
controlled by their environment and
specifically that we are the result of what
we have learned from our environment.
Behaviorism is concerned with how
environmental factors (stimuli) affect
observable behavior (the response).
2. Psychodynamic
- (Sigmund Freud) events in our
childhood can have a significant impact
on our behavior as adults, people have
little free will to make choices in life, and
our behavior is determined by the
unconscious mind and childhood
experiences.
3. Humanism
- (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)
emphasizes the study of the whole
person, we are each responsible for our
own happiness and well-being as humans,
and we have the innate (inborn) capacity
for self-actualization which is our unique
desire to achieve our highest potential as
people.
4. Cognitive
- (Aaron Beck) the mental act or process
by which knowledge is acquired,
concerned with “mental” functions such
as memory, perception, attention.
5. Biological
- genetics and evolution play a role in
influencing human behavior through
natural selection; genes affect behavior.
6. Cross-Cultural
- your culture affects your behavior
- example: prejudices
7. Evolutionary
-
(Charles Darwin) Natural
selection: process that preserves
traits that enhance he adaptation
of an organism and suppresses
traits that do not
B) Names
1. Wilhelm Wundt
- Father of psychology
- Opened the first psychology lab in
Germany
2. William James
- Published 1st psychological journal
- Created functionalism
3. G. Stanley Hall
- Students of Wundt
- Opened 1st psych lab in the U.S
- Driving force behind the APA
- First president of the APA
4. Sigmund Freud
- Father of the psychoanalytic
approach
- Focused on the unconscious mind
And internal conflict
- Behavior was because of childhood
experiences
5. John B. Watson
- Founder of behavioral perspective
6. B.F. Skinner
- Followed in Watsons steps
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
7. Abraham Maslow
- Humanistic approach
- Hierarchy of needs important in
understanding human motivation
- Stressed ones free will
- Believed humans are generally
“good”
8. Carl Rogers
- Humanistic approach
- Concept of self
- Developed “person centered
therapy”
9. Inez Prosser
- First African American women to
receive PhD in psychology
10. George Sanchez
- Claimed intelligence tests were
culturally biased
11. Mary Calkins
- 1st women president of the APA
- 1st women to complete all the
courses for a PhD in psych but was
not awarded credit because she
was a women
12. Margaret Washburn
- 1st women to receive her PhD in
psych
13. Leta Hollingworth
- First to use the term “gifted” for
students with extremely high
scores on intelligence tests
C) Areas
1. Developmental psychology
- Looks at human development
across the life span
- Used to focus on only child
development but now research
adolescence, adulthood and old
age
2. Social psychology
- Focus on interpersonal behavior
and the role of social forces
- Attitude formation, attitude
change, prejudice, conformity,
attraction, aggression, intimate
relationships and behavior in
groups
3. Experimental psychology
- Sensation, perception, learning,
conditioning, motivation, and
emotion
Psychologists in all fields engage in
experimentation so don’t let the
name of the title fool you!
4. Physiological psychology
- Examins the influence of genetic
factors on behavior and the role of
the brain, nervous system,
endocrine system, and bodily
chemicals in regulation of behavior
5. Cognitive psychology
- Focuses on “higher” mental
processes, such as memory,
reasoning, information processing,
language, problem solving,
decision making and creativity
6. Personality
- Describing and understanding
consistency in behavior which
represents personality
- What shapes personality?
7. Psychometrics
- Design tests to assess personality,
intelligence, and a wide range of
abilities
D) Professional practices
1. Clinical psychology
- Evaluate, diagnose and treat
psychological disorders
- Treatment of less severe
behavioral and emotional
problems
- Interview clients, psychological
testing and provide
group/individual psychotherapy
2. Counseling psychology
- Interview, test and provide
therapy
- Provide assistance to people
struggling with everyday problems
- Specialize in family, marital or
career counseling
3. Educational and school psychology
- Work to improve curriculum
design, achievement testing,
-
teacher training, and other aspects
of the education process
- Usually work in elementary or
secondary schools where they test
and counsel children
- Aid parents and teachers in solving
school-related problems
4. Industrial and organizational
psychology
- Variety of tasks in the world of
business and industry
- Include running human resources
departments, working to improve
staff morale and attitudes striving
to increase job satisfaction and
productivity
- Focus on the employees and how
things can run more smoothly. Not
on profits for companies!
E) Miscellaneous
1. Psychology
- Study of mental and behavior
process
- First area of psychology to be
studied as a science is
psychophysics
2. Structuralism
- Focused on basic elements of
consciousness and how they
related
- Used introspection
- Edward Titchener student of
Wilhelm Wundt pioneered this
approach
3. Introspection
- Self-observation of one’s own
consciousness
4. Functionalism
- Focused on function of
consciousness rather than
structure
- Developed by William James
5. Nature vs. Nuture
- Argument created by John B Watson.
Is it nature (genetics) that influence
how an individual is or is it nurture
(the way they are raised involving
environment and observation) that
influence an individual.
6. APA
- Set ethical standards for research
- Devoted to advancement of psych
- Created the DSM
7. Gestalt theory
- Group of psychologists
- Focused on construction of
perceptual wholes
- Used to explain perceptual
organization